Conflict in America :: essays research papers fc

Conflict in America      Euthanasia, also known as assisted suicide is a growing conflict in America and the world. many mess turn to it because they feel it is a way to gain control over their life, or put an end to it. They want to terminate the pain and suffering. They do non want to become a burden to their family and/or society. They need an environment that will make them feel wanted and loved. The whole human racetrack has one particular need in common, the feeling of belonging. Helping people in suicide does not convey compassion. The ill, the elderly, the depressed, and infants who are born with diseases are each at risk. Euthanasia is wrong because death should only be Gods decision, the process of dying is an important part of life and people should be cherished regardless of their physical condition.     We are becoming a culture of death faster than we realize. Euthanasia, suicide, and abortion are the downfalls to our society . Do not believe that people can look at these situations and discuss them as "ethical" questions. Killing is killing no matter what the circumstances. Murder, suicide, euthanasia, abortion they all lead to death, and death is not something that should be pre-meditated. Soon assisted-suicide will be just as popular as abortion, and we will have both types of clinics what a comforting thought. Everyone has a conscience, and everyone who has participated in a suicide or abortion will be consumed by guilt one day.      Too many different situations occur as a result of euthanasia. A terminally ill person will likely first seek the advice of a physician. Then there is the family involved their feelings and values must also be considered. A situation that arises is that it is not always the decision of the person beingness killed. As in weather an ill person is in a coma, and has brain damage that is so bad the person is practically a vegetable.   &n bsp   As one example in the case study of Jim Romney, 56, a retired school principle from Portland, was diagnosed with Lou Gehrigs disease. People with this type of illness will barley ever live more than two years after being diagnosed with this type of disease. His physicians made it clear that the disease would destroy his body, by leaving his entire body paralyzed, but his mind would still continue to function.

Mentor Graphics :: essays papers

Mentor GraphicsObjective To complete all aspects of the recital regarding D type throw, TTL and CMOS and to familiarize us with the HDL software which is Mentor Graphics. This software is capable of constructing and simulating a particular origination. As for this assignment 1, we are tending(p) 4 weeks to complete the assignment. It is unconditional to attend every lab sessions as there is no alternative software to substance abuse. Only a certain terminus ad quem of time is given for the use of the software and therefore designing of circuit is required to be completed before attending the lab. To give students a first-hand disposition of the EDA lab and most significantly Mentor Graphics, a powerful tool in HDL technology.This assignment allows the students to understand or rather familiarize themselves with the design flow of the EDA software and to in full explore what the software is capable and powerful to do.Lastly, to prepare the students for the next assign ments which uses the similar software. Introduction D(elay) Flip-Flop (What You Have to Know kickoff) The D flip-flop is reusable when a single data bit (1 or 0) is to be stored. An additional inverter to the S-R flip-flop at the R insert creates a D flip-flop. The D flip-flop shown below is a modification of the clocked SR flip-flop. The D stimulus goes directly into the S input and the complement of the D input goes to the R input. If there is a HIGH on the D input when a clock pulse is applied, the flip-flop bandings and stores a 1. If there is a depressed on the D input when a clock pulse is applied, the flip-flop RESETs and stores a 0. The truth table below summarizes the operations of the positive edge-triggered D flip-flop. As before, the negative edge-triggered flip-flop full treatment the same except that the falling edge of the clock pulse is the triggering edge.(a) Logic diagram with NAND gates (b) Graphical symbol InputsD CP(CLK)OutputsQ QComments1 1 0SET (stores 1)Mentor Graphics essays papersMentor GraphicsObjective To complete all aspects of the exercise regarding D type flip-flop, TTL and CMOS and to familiarize us with the HDL software which is Mentor Graphics. This software is capable of constructing and simulating a particular design. As for this assignment 1, we are given 4 weeks to complete the assignment. It is compulsory to attend every lab sessions as there is no alternative software to use. Only a certain limit of time is given for the use of the software and therefore designing of circuit is required to be completed before attending the lab. To give students a first-hand understanding of the EDA lab and most importantly Mentor Graphics, a powerful tool in HDL technology.This assignment allows the students to understand or rather familiarize themselves with the design flow of the EDA software and to fully explore what the softwar e is capable and powerful to do.Lastly, to prepare the students for the next assignments which uses the similar software. Introduction D(elay) Flip-Flop (What You Have to Know First) The D flip-flop is useful when a single data bit (1 or 0) is to be stored. An additional inverter to the S-R flip-flop at the R input creates a D flip-flop. The D flip-flop shown below is a modification of the clocked SR flip-flop. The D input goes directly into the S input and the complement of the D input goes to the R input. If there is a HIGH on the D input when a clock pulse is applied, the flip-flop SETs and stores a 1. If there is a LOW on the D input when a clock pulse is applied, the flip-flop RESETs and stores a 0. The truth table below summarizes the operations of the positive edge-triggered D flip-flop. As before, the negative edge-triggered flip-flop works the same except that the falling edge of the clock pulse is the triggering edge.(a) Logic diagram with NAND gates (b) Graphic al symbol InputsD CP(CLK)OutputsQ QComments1 1 0SET (stores 1)

Essay --

Refuge from Abuse Healing and Hope for Abused, by Nason-Clark, N. and Kroeger, is a book that do for victims of domestic abuse , those who ar currently suffering with it, and those who already have and also for those who want to be sack outledgeable on the issue. The authors of the book deal their knowledge from distinctive points of view. Nancy N. Clark is a sociologist while Cathie Clark Kroger is a biblical scholar. With these two distinguishable perspectives, we are able to get the subject of Domestic abuse through a multi-dimensional view point and see an in depth view of the serious crime that is domestic abuse. The things the stand out about this book are the amount of areas that it covers, and the creative ways Clark and Kroger are able to communicate the material. In the beginning of the book there are small portions of information. These little portions focus on things such as when a relationship is not healthy, safety, and wa ys to protect oneself. The book also promptly corrects any unreasonable ideas about domestic abuse. These false ideas include the belief that domestic violence does not occur in my neighborhood, church, family, or oneself. Throughout the book there are different examples of domestic violence. The different examples show the variety of factors that complicates or are just dissever of the abuse. Factors include mental health, drug abuse, alcohol abuse, and others. The stories portray how abuse can begin in the beginning of the relationship, middle, or when they enter late adulthood. A biblical element is also added in the book.Throughout the book the authors of the book relate characters from the Bible. These Characters include Hagar, David, Mary, and others. The auth... ...s.The part of the book that really impacted me was the chapter about worship. It deals with the fact that worship can heal. It uses psalm 66 which states For you, O deity, have tested us you have move us as si lver is tried. You brought us into the net you laid a crushing burden on our backs you let men ride over our heads we went through fire and through water yet you have brought us out to a place of abundance. It uses this passage to illustrate the balance wheel that we seek from our burdens and that in the end, God delivers on his promise of peace and rest. Sometimes, I have difficulty worshipping, especially when Ive going through a tough situation. Although I already know this the book just reinforced it. I might be going through a tough situation God will give me the rest I need at the appropriate time, as long as I remain faithful in my worship to Him.

Productivity between departments :: essays research papers

IntroductionA good relationship between internal customers from crystallize segments improves productivity and eliminates wastes.There be three lucid departments in the presidency I work for, estimating, production and finance. The relationship between these departments and how they overtake is vital in the flow of work from one from one department to the next, and ultimately the flow of work to our external customers. To some degree each of the departments is linked to the others, relying on each other to be able to complete their separate goals.To perform efficiently, each department in an organization ineluctably to work towards group goals and visions. A well crafted group vision serves as an umbrella chthonic which can be gathered an enormous variety of personal aims consistent with it. (Whitley, 1991 pp28). If a company is going to run effectively, each department indispensablenesss to communicate in a manner where vital information can be accessed easily.A finish be tween departments of being part of an overall team needs to be bred into an organization. Each department needs to work towards sh bed philosophies, ideologies, values, beliefs, expectations and norms (Doraisamy, Internal Marketing slide 12). Just as important to a work culture is a culture outside of normal working hours, it is said that a team that plays together works together.DiscussionI work for an organization that has 3 offices in the one building, one for estimating, one for finance and one for production. Although each department communicates to a degree what they are up to, people depend to know more about their own department then the one next to them. Once a week all departments meet to converse where they are and what they are doing and what aspects of their jobs are going to affect other departments. Each department seems to have a vision of what their departments goals are but there is a need for aligning all the organizations parts so that they work together for a d esirable goal Whitley, 1991 pp22.In the production department I rely on estimating to provide work with a realistic budget and finance to manage and report the financial resources that I am expending. Likewise, estimating relies on me to let them know how they are performing and how they can reform their quoting to accurately take into they level of budget I require. Finance relies on me to provide them with the information that they require to accurately grasp track of expenditures and to keep them informed of job progress so they know when and how much to invoice.

Graduation Speech: Its All About Time :: Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

A long judgment of conviction ago in what seems like another lifetime, we were once little children reflexion the blinking TV while we sat eating Mac and Cheese with issue a care in the world. So much time has passed since then, how quickly time flies. Now, instead of walking to the bus for our first day of kindergarten, we are walking across this stage for our diplomas - I think everyone will agree that its in all well-nigh time. We all need to Make time, save time, spend time. Time can move pretty quickly as you look back on your life, or pretty slowly depending on which class you are in third period as you watch those bright red numbers change so slowly it seems as if the whole world has stopped turning. I believe that this adage of making time, saving time and spending time is important to us now as we venture forth on this crazy adventure called life after high school. It can be extremely difficult to sour time for everything you want or need to do. I think Bill Waterson, th e creator of Calvin and Hobbes, said it best Theres never enough time to do all the nobody we want. He mustiness have been very familiar with teenagers, and its true we need to be organized, we need to set priorities and goals. Now for those of you who have done that and exist exactly what you want to do with your life, thats awesome but that doesnt mean that you can stop setting goals to be a better person. Because, as we all know, we must be life-long learners and must continue to set goals, and when we achieve them we must evaluate them and then set new goals. You wont be able to do everything youll want to do so, dont waste any time doing nothing. However, for those of you like me who have no idea what you want to do and are being dragged, kicking and screaming into the real world, nothing sounds pretty good. Instead we need to start small like in the movie What about Bob? We need to take baby steps out of the office, then baby steps down the hall and baby steps all the way o utside until eventually we will reach our home. But, deciding to exit each day to the fullest and grasping every opportunity with both hands is a good way to start.

Graduation Speech: Its All About Time :: Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

A long time ago in what seems like another lifetime, we were once forgetful children watching the blinking TV while we sat eating Mac and Cheese without a care in the world. So much time has passed since then, how readily time flies. Now, instead of walking to the bus for our first day of kindergarten, we are walking across this stage for our diplomas - I think everyone will agree that its all(a) told about time. We all need to Make time, save time, spend time. Time can move pretty quickly as you look back on your life, or pretty slowly depending on which class you are in third period as you watch those bright red numbers interpolate so slowly it seems as if the whole world has stopped turning. I believe that this adage of making time, saving time and spending time is meaning(a) to us now as we venture forth on this crazy adventure called life after high school. It can be extremely sticky to make time for everything you loss or need to do. I think Bill Waterson, the creator of Calvin and Hobbes, said it best Theres never enough time to do all the nothing we want. He must have been very familiar with teenagers, and its true we need to be organized, we need to set priorities and goals. Now for those of you who have do that and know exactly what you want to do with your life, thats awesome but that doesnt mean that you can stop setting goals to be a better person. Because, as we all know, we must be life-long learners and must continue to set goals, and when we achieve them we must evaluate them and then set new goals. You wont be able to do everything youll want to do so, dont waste any time doing nothing. However, for those of you like me who have no idea what you want to do and are being dragged, kicking and screaming into the veritable world, nothing sounds pretty good. Instead we need to start small like in the movie What about Bob? We need to take baby go out of the office, then baby steps down the hall and baby steps all the way outside until even tually we will reach our home. But, decision making to live each day to the fullest and grasping every opportunity with both hands is a good way to start.

Reflection “The Boondock Saints”

Reflections on The Boondock Saints Directions In three paragraphs write your reflections of the Movie The Boondock Saints, answering the following 1) What are the honest issues you see in the movie? List several and describe their ethical or moral concern. 2) How does the plot relate to Utilitarian Ethics? Pluralism/Pragmatism? accessible Contract Ethics? Use examples from the movie and show a connection each (e. g. , Act vs Rule Utilitarianism and the value of consequences, Addressing multiple & conflicting values, Type(s)/theme(s) of Social Contracts evidencing, a la Hobbes, Rousseau, Locke, Gauthier). ) Utilitarian ethics, because plurality on the movie judge the rightness or wrongness of an act, so it produces consequences to the greatest balance of entertainment over trauma for everyone involved. Social contract, at the end of the movie people of the state agreed that boondock saints kill trash people, so their prime motive being the desire for protection, which entails the dispense with of some or all perosonal liberties. 2) The plot is related to utilitarian ethics, because we saw how the Boondock Saints judged people by making what they consider divine justice kill people.Pragmatism, because the Boondock Saints were putting their truths or beliefs in the term of action or parctical application by killing people. Social contract, because the smart set agreeded the Boondock Saints actions to get protection, to they the Boondock Saints were killing the society in the state. Act utilitarianism Vs. rule the boondock saints did acts and rules judging rightness and wrongness that maximized pleasure and minimized suffering.An example of act utilitarianism is that when Connor and Morphy killed people from the mafia they were feeling pleasure judging wongness. An example of rule u. , they trusted that their own rules were right to God. Finally, this movie is an example of social contract and utilitarianism, during the movie we saw the boondock saints hav ing conflicts values in the society when they killed the minister inside the church in front of many people. It created doubts for people about which is true righteousness from God or from the men.

Learning Team Essay

Learning police squad A discussed the learning objectives assigned for week ternion of class. Specifically, the police squad members discussed strategies to help develop effective stems and teams. The team members also discussed strategies to resolve conflict in spite of appearance organizations. The discussion included topics with which the team members felt halcyon or struggled with and how the every week topics applied to team members business field. This paper summarizes Learning Team As discussions.Strategies to Develop Effective Groups and TeamsThe team members discussed the difference between the definitions of work group and work team. The work group sh atomic number 18 information and make decisions that assists each member perform tasks in his area of responsibility (Robbins & Judge, 2011). The group members do not engage in collective work that requires joint effort (Robbins & Judge, 2011, Chapter 10) like a work team does. A work group does not bring to pass the s ynergy of a work team. The individual is accountable in a work group but both the individual and team members mutually are accountable. Work group members provide random and varied skills, whereas work team members bring complementary skills to the joint effort. Robbins and Judge (2011) categorized the major characteristics of effective teams into three general categories context, composition, and process. In the context category, managers play a vital role in providing leadership, structure, a climate of trust, adequate resources, and a performance evaluation and take systems to assist teams in becoming effective and highly productive.In the composition category, the manager must evaluate and select team members with the appropriate abilities, personalities, and diversity. Managers must feel the appropriate team size and either unilaterally or mutually allocate roles. Managers also must be aware of team member preferences and digest flexibility within the team. In the process ca tegory, managers must provide a common purpose and specific goals so team members understand and work toward a common purpose and can create a positive synergy. Additionally, managers must facilitate team efficacy, monitor lizard conflict level, provide conflict resolution strategies, and monitor for social loafing by holding team members accountable individually and jointly. The team members werecomfortable with the concepts and terminology with regard to strategies to help develop effective teams.Team members are aware that many companies are relying on teams to accomplish tasks and goals because teams are flexible and more responsive to a dynamic business surround. Despite creation comfortable with the concepts and strategies, the team members struggled with the implementation of some of the strategies. For instance, managers, tasked with building a team for a short-suspensed project, may face difficulties with building an effective, cohesive, committed, and productive team in a short time.Strategies to Resolve Conflict Within OrganizationsRobbins and Judge (2011) stated The conflict process has louvre arranges potential rivalry or incompatibility, cognition and personalization, intentions, behavior, and outcomes (p. 457). Potential opposition or incompatibility is the first stage of the conflict process, and it has three categories communication, structure, and personal variables. Stage two is cognition and personalization. Conflict issues are defined in this stage. Moreover, emotions get a major impact on influencing perception. Third, stage three is intentions. Intentions intervene between peoples perceptions and emotions and their overt behavior (Robbins & Judge, 2011, p. 459). There are five conflict-handling intentions competing, collaborating, avoiding, accommodating, and compromising. Stage four is behavior, which is a vigorous process of communication. Furthermore, there are several techniques to conflict-resolution for example, problem solvi ng, avoidance, and compromise.There are also conflict-stimulation techniques for example, communication, bringing in outsiders, and restructuring the organization. Last, stage five is outcomes. The outcomes can be functional for example, when it improves the quality of decisions, stimulates creativity and innovation, encourages interest and curiosity among group members, provides the medium through which problems can be aired and tensions released, and fosters an environment of self-evaluation and change (Robbins & Judge, 2011, p. 463). However, the outcomes can be dysfunctional for example, uncontrolled opposition can breed discontent, destroy cohesion and eventually could lead to the team destruction. Team members were comfortable with conflict resolution approaches however, the team learned about conflict-stimulation techniques. The concept was new toteam members because conflict generally has had a negative connotation. The team members as managers forget benefit from using bot h the conflict-resolution and conflict-stimulation techniques in their workplaces.ConclusionIn sum, the team members discussed strategies to help develop effective groups and teams. The team members also discussed strategies to resolve conflict within organizations. The discussion included topics with which the team members felt comfortable or struggled with and how the weekly topics applied to team members business field. This paper summarized Learning Team As discussions.ReferencesRobbins, S. P., & Judge, T. A. (2011). Organizational Behavior (14th ed.). Upper Saddle River Prentice Hall.

Childhood Obesity Essay

Childhood obesity has increased over the years due to genetics, environment, and cultural. There may be a combination of these factors that contribute to the widespread epidemic that is affecting our country today. Most people never take the time to figure out the problem and catch up with a solution. Obesity is caused by lack of physical activity, poor eating habits, and genetics. In order to escape the recurring disease some changes fatality to be made. Obesity is when a tyke is rise up above the normal weight for his or her age and weight. The problem is that children are becoming more obese. intelligence the causes of childhood obesity would be most beneficial in addressing the problem. While playing video games and watching television children have a tendency to demand to snack. There is nothing wrong with it, but they need to go outside and play afterwards. They arent burning off any calories. Moderate intense uninterrupted physical activity is essential for the preventio n of overweight and obesity (Raj 2010). Children should engage in some type of physical activity daily. Kids are more quick-witted to do activities if they think of it as fun.Children should be prescribed physical activity that is safe, developmentally appropriate, interesting, and practical and has a social element (Raj 2010). Genetic makeup plays a role in obesity. There is considerable evidence to suggest that, like height, weight is a heritable trait (Sadaf Farooqi 2007). Having obese family members can very well have a lot to do with obesity in children. A recent article reported an odds ratio of 4 for the development of childhood obesity when there is a family history of obesity (Signorino &Winter 2008).White adipose tissue (WAT) is the principal pit tissue in obesity (Mitchell 2009). The environment in which one lives in can have something to do with becoming obese. Environmental risk factors for overweight and obesity are very strong and inter-related (Raj & Kumar 2010). T he food choices children inhalation should be monitored. The amount of a food should be monitored as well. Children have tendency to want to eat foods that are high in fat. Children and adolescents of poor socio-economic place tend to consume less quantities of fruits and vegetables and to have a higher intake of total and saturated fat(Raj & Kumar 2010). There are risk and complications that come on with being obese. Being obese you run the risk of have cardiovascular problems, high blood pressure, and type 2 diabetes. Obesity significantly contributes to morbidity and mortality rate from cardiovascular disease (Raj & Kumar 2010). Not only are there risks, but obesity affects a childs self-esteem. Obese children are a target for being bullied and picked on. They tend to feel worthless about themselves. Their perception of themselves gravels damaged. It can sometimes affect their grades.Obesity can be managed and controlled with the rightly treatment and diet. For winning ob esity management, the child should be assessed and treated by a multidisciplinary team, including a physician, dietitian, exercise expert, nurse and behavior therapist (Nowicka 2005). With that said, with the right treatment a child who is obese can get help. The ultimate goal is to bring the weight down to where it should be. Eating the right amount as well as the right foods helps with dropping weight. Eating out is a quick fix and should be cut down to a minimum.There should be a plan for healthier snacks, balanced diet, and adequate intake of more fruits and vegetables to avoid high calorie/high fat foods. Obesity in children often leads to obese teenagers who then become obese adults. Health as well as self esteem is often compromise when dealing with the lives of obese children and adults. Identifying and managing obesity in childhood is clever in slowing this epidemic down before it is too late to do anything about it. Reference Farooqi, S. (2007). Insights from the Genetic s of Severe Childhood Obesity. Hormone Research, 68(S5), 5-7. inside10.1159/000110462 Mitchell, G. A. (2009). Genetics, physiology and perinatal influences in childhood obesity view from the Chair. International Journal of Obesity, 33S41-S47. doi10. 1038/ijo. 2009. 16 Nowicka, P. (2005). Dietitians and exercise professionals in a childhood obesity treatment team. Acta Paediatrica. Supplement, 94(s448), 23-29. doi10. 1080/08035320510035537 Raj, M. , & Kumar, R. (2010). Obesity in children & adolescents. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 132(5), 598-607. Signorino, M. R. , & Winter, W. E. (2008). Childhood Obesity and Diabetes. Current Medical Literature Diabetes, 25(1), 1-16

General Insurance

DISSERTATION REPORT ON Marketing of ecumenical restitution Products (with special grapheme to Iffco- Tokio General indemnity) SUMITTED IN fond(p) FULFILLMENT OF THE RQUIREMENT OF THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION H. N. B. GARHWAL UNIVERSITY SRINAGAR, GARHWAL SUBMITTED BYSUBMITTED TO Vaibhav JoshiMs. Prapti Tandon MIB IVth SemFaculty of IMS MIB06037 INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES, DEHRADUN CERTIFICATE I need the plea indisputable in certifying that Mr.Vaibhav Joshi is a bonafide student of MIB IV semester of the Masters Degree in International Business of Institute of Management Studies, Dehradun downstairs University twine No. .. He has completed his/her dissertation work entitled Marketing of habitual indemnification products (with reference to Iffco tokio general indemnification under my guidance). I certify that this is his original causal representation and has non been copied from any some some other source. This project has similarly not been sub mitted in any other university for the utilization of award of nay degree.This project fulfills the requirement of the curriculum prescribed by H. N. B. Garhwal University, eldernagar for the said feed in. I recommend this Dissertation work for evaluation and consideration for the award of degree to the student. pinch Name of the Guide. Date. TABLE OF CONTENTS S. NO. TOPIC 1. INTRODUCTION 2. INDUSTRIAL BACKGROUND 3. TYPES OF INSURANCE 4. REASEARCH METHODOLOGY 5. DATA ANALYSIS & exposition 6. OBSERVATION & CONCLUSIONS 7. RECOMMENDATION 8. BIBLIOGRAPHY 9. ANNEXURE customary INSURANCE BUSINESS General insurance policy business in the country was nationalized with work from 1st January, 1973 by the General Insurance Business (Nationalization) Act, 1972. More than 100 non-life insurance companies including branches of foreign companies operating inside the country were amalgamated and grouped into quadruple companies, viz. the National Insurance connection Ltd. , the New India Assurance Company Ltd. , the Oriental Insurance Company Ltd. , and the United India Insurance Company Ltd. with flip offices at Kolkata, Mumbai, New Delhi and Chennai, respectively. General Insurance potty (GIC) which was the holding company of the four public sector general insurance companies has since been delinked from the later and has been approved as the Indian Reinsurer since 3rd November 2000. The shargon bully of GIC and that of the four companies ar held by the Government of India.All the five entities atomic number 18 Government companies registered under the Companies Act. The general insurance business has grown in pass on and mint after nationalization. The four companies stupefy 2872 branch offices, 1373 divisional offices and 95 regional offices spread whole over the country. These companies also fall in 44 overseas offices spread over 25 countries. The merchandise sh be of Government-own insurance companies stood at 79. 93% as on March 20 05. MAJOR POLICY CHANGES Reforms In Insurance domainInsurance sector has been opened up for competition from Indian private insurance companies with the enactment of Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority Act, 1999 (IRDA Act). As per the nutriment of IRDA Act, 1999, Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority (IRDA) was established on 19th April 2000 to protect the cares of holder of insurance form _or_ system of government and to regulate, promote and ensure gradely harvest-home of the insurance industry. IRDA Act 1999 paved the way for the entry of private players into the insurance grocery, which was hitherto the exclusive privilege of public sector insurance companies/ corporations.Under the upstart dispensation Indian insurance companies in private sector were permitted to ope point in India with the following conditions Company is formed and registered under the Companies Act, 1956 The aggregate holdings of equity shares by a foreign company, either by itsel f or dvirtuoso its subsidiary companies or its nominees, do not exceed 26%, paid up equity capital of much(prenominal) Indian insurance company The companys sole purpose is to machinery on life insurance business or general insurance business or reinsurance business. The nominal paid up equity capital for life or general insurance business is Rs. 100 crores.The minimum paid up equity capital for carrying on reinsurance business has been prescribed as Rs. 200 crores. The Authority has notified 37 Regulations on various issues which include readjustment of Insurers, Regulation on insurance agents, Solvency Margin, Re-insurance, Obligation of Insurers to Rural and Social sector, Investment and Accounting Procedure, Protection of indemnity holders select-to doe with etc. Applications were invited by the Authority with feat from 15th August, 2000 for issue of the Certificate of Registration to two life and non-life insurers. The Authority has its Head Quarter at Hyderabad .Detai led information on IRDA is available at their web-site www. irdaindia. org GENERAL INSURERS Public Sector 1. National Insurance Company limit www. nationalinsuranceindia. com 2. New India Assurance Company Limited www. niacl. com 3.Oriental Insurance Company Limited www. orientalinsurance. nic. in 4. United India Insurance Company Limited www. uiic. co. in 5. Export Credit Guarantee Corporation www. ecgcindia. com Private Sector 6. Bajaj Allianz General Insurance Co. Ltd. www. bajajallianz. co. in 7.ICICI Lombard General Insurance Co. Ltd. www. icicilombard. com 8. IFFCO-Tokio General Insurance Co. Ltd. www. itgi. co. in 9. Reliance General Insurance Co. Ltd. www. ril. com 10. Royal Sundaram Alliance Insurance Co. Ltd. www. royalsun. com 11. TATA AIG General Insurance Co. Ltd. www. tata-aig. com 12. Cholamandalam General Insurance Co. Ltd. www. cholainsurance. com 13.HDFC Chubb General Insurance Co. Ltd. www. hdfcchubb. com 14. Agricultural Insurance Co. of India Ltd. www. aicofindia. org REINSURER 1. General Insurance Corporation of India www. gicindia. com Insurance Ombudsmen One of the major areas of concern of the Government has been the efficient customer serve in the insurance sector.With a view to ensure expeditious redressal of public grievances relating to the answer of the claims, the Government has introduced a system of Ombudsman in the Insurance Sector with effect from 11th November 1998. Insurance Ombudsmen are currently located in 12 cities. Each Ombudsman is empowered to redress customer grievances in respect of insurance wrings on personal lines where the verify amount is less than Rs. 20 lakhs. MARKETING GENERAL INSURANCE INTRODUCTION Marketing is the Marketing side of Commerce company efforts to overhaul near, promote, and sell products and works over the Internet.E-marketing is a type of marketing that fuel be be as achieving objectives through the use of electronic converses engine room such as Internet, e-mail, Ebooks, database, and mobile phone. It is a more general term than online marketing which is limited to the use of internet technology to attain marketing objectives. netmail marketing is one of the most effective ways to keep in touch with customers. It is generally constitute-effective, and if make properly, open fire economic aid build brand sensory faculty and loyalty. At a typical cost of only a few rupees per message, its a bargain compared to traditional direct mail or more .In addition, response evaluate on e-mail marketing are strong, depending on the industry and format. Response wanders for traditional mail averages tend to be genuinely low. One of the benefits of email marketing is the demographic information that customers provide when signing up for your email newsletter. Dis finish uping who your customers really are age, gender, income and special interests, for example can help you target your products and service to their needs. Effec tive marketing, planning and promotion begin with current information about(predicate) the marketplace.Visit your local library online, talk to customers on price free through & telemarketing and SMS service as latest development, study the advertising of other businesses in your community, and consult with any relevant industry associations through internet. This interactive tool pull up stakes help to assess your e-marketing strengths and weaknesses in the demographic area. Online marketing is marketing on the Internet. It is a type of e-marketing, which in turn is a type of e- handicraft. Internet marketing is a component of electronic commerce. Internet marketing can include information direction, public relations, customer service, and sales.Electronic commerce and Internet marketing put one over become popular as Internet access is becoming more widely available and utilize. Well over one third of consumers who have Internet access in their homes report using the Internet to make purchases. Some of the benefits associated with Internet marketing include the availability of information. Consumers can log onto the Internet and learn about products, as well as purchase them, at any hour. Companies that use Internet marketing can also save money because of a lessen need for a sales force.Overall, Internet marketing can help expand from a local market to both national and international marketplaces. Commerce has re delimitate the marketplace, altered business strategies, and allowed global competition surrounded by local businesses. The term electronic commerce has evolved from meaning plain electronic shopping to representing all aspects of business and market processes enabled by the Internet and other digital technologies. Todays business emphasis is on e-commerce rapid electronic interactions enabled by the Internet and other connected ready reckoner and telephone networks.Rapidly business transactions and unparalleled access to information is c hanging consumer behavior and expectations. Many miniature businesses assume that the Internet has little value to them because they feel that their product or service cannot be easily sold online. But inexpensive information bear on and electronic media can help most small businesses provide better, faster customer service and communication. Why is insurance necessary? The question contains the answer within itself. After all, life is fraught with tensions and apprehensions regarding the future and what it holds for the psyche.Despite all the planning and preparation one might make, no one can accurately check or predict how or when death might result and the circumstances that might ensue in its aftermath. We are not saying that life and pitying race are constantly fraught with danger and uncertainty. But so it is essential that you plan for the future. The chances for a fatality or an injury to occur to the average individual may not be particularly high but then no one ca n really afford to completely disregard his or her future and what it holds.People generally regard insurance as a scheme when and where you have to lose a lot to gain a little. Nevertheless, insurance is still the most reliable tool an individual can use to plan for his future. What is General insurance? This is an attempt to help understand some(prenominal) base concepts of general insurance in order to help identify insurance needs and to facilitate decision making process. General Insurance is all about protecting / showing against all kind of insure hazards. General insurance policies, including automobile and homeowners policies, provide move overments depending on the difference from a particular monetary event.General insurance typically comprises any insurance that is not determined to be life insurance, and is called proportion and casualty insurance. The reason to provide conceptual knowledge on general insurance products health insurance, force back insurance , travel insurance to empower one to take a final decision. We have touched upon topics like wherefore one should insure, how much insurance one need, the policies that suit best, points to ponder while reading the fine print, identify the insurance needs etc are fall into placeed. This is a open attempt to take one through the basics and to unravel the abstruseities of general insurance.System whereby individuals and companies concerned about potential hazards pay exchange exchange premiums to an insurance company, which reimburses (in whole or part) them in the event of ill-treat. The insurer profits by investing the premiums it receives. Some common forms of insurance cover business bumps, automobiles, homes, boats, workers compensation, and health. Life insurance guarantees fee to the beneficiaries when the insure person dies. In a broad economic sense, insurance transfers risk from individuals to a larger group, which is better able to pay for losses. IFFCO-TOKIO Gene ral Insurance (ITGI).ITGI is Indias trusted insurance company. It simplifies customers life by providing them tailor do products and quality services, thus helping them take informed investment decisions. It is a joint venture between The Indian Farmers Fertiliser Co-operative (IFFCO) and its associates and Tokio Marine and Nichido Fire Group, the largest listed insurance group in Japan. ITGI was incorporated on December 4, 2000 and has its head office in Gurgaon, Haryana. We are among Indias top three private-sector general insurance companies with 92 offices and a country-wide network of 480 exclusive point of presence.In our constant effort to provide our customers with the life they deserve, we offer a wide range of over 40 uniquely customized policies coat a wide range of customers, from farmers to some of Indias largest automobile manufacturers. We see ourselves as a peoples company our principal aim is to provide benefits for the common man who traditionally lacks knowledge and access to quality insurance products. To achieve this, we have leveraged the deep knowledge of IFFCO by studying 600 of the countrys 602 districts before drawing up our business plan.We closely follow the rigorous global financial standards of the Millea group, combining sound financial management with rapid branch. ITGI is the only private general insurance company in India to have made five consecutive historic spot of profit. We are also one of the few to report underwriting profits within four years of surgical processs. We also believe in focusing on creative solutions to provide optimum service to our customers. We are the only company in the country to have a 100%-owned distribution conduct to service our retail customers.Called IFFCO-TOKIO Insurance Services Ltd (ITIS), this subsidiary has 273 employees and is present in 68 cities. ITIS is an example of an indigenously developed best practice that will be replicated in other Millea Asia subsidiaries. Innovation h as also played a significant part in making us a dynamic industry leader both in India and globally. We are the first company in India to underwrite mega policies for a fertilizer and an automobile client. This comprehensive policy is based on international evaluate and optimizes the premium outflow for clients even as it offers a one-stop, all-risk cover. Our Performance Profitable growth Our commitment to base and customer service has helped us consistently bear witness the bar on our performance. We strongly believe in profitable growth Our rapidly reducing Earned Income Loss Ratio (EILR) is testimony to this pic ITGIs sound financial management has been achieved in a period of fast-paced growth.Our gross written premium (GWP) has grown from Rs 58 million in 2000-01 to Rs 5 billion in 2004-05. policy issuance growth has jumped more than 20 times between 2002 and 2004. pic We have also consistently demonstrated our commitment to shareholder value devolve on equity for 200 4-05 was 14. 72%, up from 9. 58% the year before. Our unqualified audit reports reflect the rigorous, global standards of accounting. ITGI voluntarily maintains strong institutional checks and balances. An investment delegation of board members and senior executives scrutinizes all major investment decisions.An in-house audit committee audits all the branches and raises ways to improve their functioning. Finally, there is an executive committee of senior management that monitors policy decisions. All these have ensured that ITGI has established a reputation for the highest standards of corporate governance. Customized satisfaction Our bi-annual customer satisfaction surveys another unique feature at ITGI indicates the rush along and fairness in handling policy-holders claims. This is backed by robust IT infrastructure that is robust enough to handle large volume of more than 3,00,000 documents.All ITGIs branches and distributors are networked. This not only enables a detailed an d accurate analysis of the companys performance based on specific parameters, the web-based claim response system has enabled the speedy settlement of claims, achieving a 90% claim settlement ratio Insurance Distribution Channels Markets in Transition INTRODUCTION - Risks are inherent in all aspect of life. They are present in whatever we do everyday and all businesses face the threat of losses that may never occur. Worrying about these possibilities hardly makes life pleasant.Of course, it is impossible to eliminate risks but they can be follow outled, lessened or minimized. That is exactly what risk management is all about. We at ITGI have established a proficient risk management team to provide customized, need-based solutions. Armed with a high level of domain knowledge in a wide range of industry verticals, our risk management experts identify and evaluate the risk exposures of your facility or business to provide a comprehensive risk management solution based on your speci al needs.As a part of our value-added services, we also provide recommendations for loss reduction and risk mitigation and infinitely update you about international best practices. ITGI caters to almost all areas of risk management. Below is a list of some of our mainstream services Underwriting survey/Loss control Survey/Risk management survey Natural hazard risk evaluation Business continuity planning Business interruption and interdependency risk analysis Marine loss control surveys Safety management Risk assessment studies/Safety auditsConsequence analysis study. The insurance marketplace is undergoing a interlingual rendition that may eventually lead to significant changes in how consumers purchase insurance products. A variety of distribution channels are currently used in this market place, and some insurers utilize a combination of distribution channels. These include the Internet-led channels, company-led channels, bank-led channels, and agent-led channels. Of these distr ibution channels, the most discussed and anticipated channel is the Internet-led channel.The widespread scattering of the Internet has created an effusion in the growth of electronic channels, including direct channels as electronic markets, or electronic intermediaries over which multiple buyers and sellers do business, and other cybermediaries . preceding to the advent of the Internet, most purchasers of insurance products used traditional agent-led distribution channels such as direct writers or independent agents. Given its reliance on traditional channels, the insurance marketplace has only recently begun to reflect this broader growth in electronic channels.The Internet was expected to have a major negative impact on the traditional agent-led distribution channel. However, consumers have not shown a marked preference for purchasing insurance product via the Internet. Currently, less than two portion of insurance products are purchased via the Internet. Although less frequ ently used, company-led distribution channels through mediums such as direct mail or telephone call centers have seen increasing growth. While an agent is still required in this setting, this person typically does not meet with the control.With the passage of the Financial Modernization Act of 1999, growth of the bank-led channel was predicted for the U. S. market. The results of a recent American Bank Insurance Association survey indicate that insurance represents a very small percentage of fare bank revenue, but bankers predict an increase in marketing efforts. While it is true that insurance purchasers today have more options available than they did five years ago, it is unclear if and when these channels will dominate existing insurance distribution channels. Several obvious factors that impact on a channels credence are consumer. . Insurance Distribution Channels Markets in Transition Attitudes and preferences. In particular, it may be that consumers consider insurance produ cts to be more complex than before thought. Consumers still do not view even personal lines insurance products to be commodity products. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the enactmentions that are occurring in piazza/ indebtedness insurance distribution channels. As part of this discussion, we describe some of the factors that are impacting on the adoption of alternative channels (e. g. the Internet), provide an overview of the academic books on innovation adoption and insurance distribution channels, and comment on the near-term future for insurance distribution channels. EXPECTATIONS V. REALITY The growth of the Internet has led to a great deal of speculation and discussion regarding its potential impact on traditional distribution channels. For example, the group meeting topic for the 2000 International Insurance Society meeting was The Power of Leadership in the Knowledge Millennium. Part of the focus of the presentations at that meeting was on the changing channels of distribution.Some trade publications during that time period included articles suggesting that insurance agents were faced with the strong possibility of universe replaced with a more efficient and less-costly Internet-led distribution channel. The same was true for travel agents during that time period. Interestingly, the experience of insurance agents and travel agents has been very different. The travel industry has indeed seen a growth of the Internet-led distribution channel for a wide variety of travel-related purchases including plane tickets, hotel reservations, and car rentals.Examples of cybermarkets operating today include Expedia, Travelocity, and Orbitz. Additionally, sites like Priceline. com allow consumers to make offers for various travel services including airline travel. Other sites, like SkyAuction. com, create an auction market for travel services. Finally, consumers can purchase tickets online directly from airlines. As the Internet-led channel has grown f or travel-related types of services, travel agents have come under increasing pressure and airlines have reduced the commissions paid to travel agents.In some personas, the agents are no longer compensated by the airlines to serve as a channel intermediary. For example, Delta Airlines recently announce that it would no longer pay commissions to travel agents. 2 Insurance Distribution Channels Markets in Transition The experience of insurance agents has been much different. Recent figures suggest that online sales accounts for less than 2% of total premium volume. Although there have been some changes in the areas of commissions and production requirements, agents continue to be the primary distribution channel for insurance products.A recent National Underwriter article reported the results of a survey of four insurance industry associations (the National Association of separatist Insurers, the National Association of Mutual Insurance Companies, the American Insurance Association , and the Alliance of American Insurers). All four of these associations indicated an expectation that the traditional agent-led distribution channel will continue to be a major distribution channel for insurers.While the adoption rate of the Internet as a distribution channel has been low, we have seen widespread adoption of the Internet as a support channel. Insurers are using the Internet to provide general information on financial services products (e. g. , insurance, investments) and planning involving the use of these products, to provide specific information on the company and its product lines, to provide administrative support to its policyholders, and to serve as a prospecting and communication tool for its agent-led channel. For example, Celent Communications surveyed major U.S. attribute/liability insurers regarding Internet usage. The six main usage areas were (1) agent access to quotes, (2) agent extranet, (3) policyholder account access, (4) customer bonk quotes, (5) customer quote request, and (6) agent locator. Of these six, the two most frequently used were the agent locator (over 60%) and the agent extranet (approximately 40%). These results clearly indicate that for property/liability insurers, the web is being used as an information or communication tool, as well as a prospecting tool for insurers agents.INNOVATION credence To gain a better understanding of what factors tend to drive the adoption of one channel over another, it is helpful to examine some of the existing lit on innovation adoption and insurance distribution channels. The Internet Channel One factor that leads to the adoption of an innovation is how widespread it is. Rogers (1995) suggests that widespread diffusion of an innovation will lead to significant changes in the enviorment. 3 Insurance Distribution Channels Markets in TransitionAs noted above, we have seen widespread diffusion of the usage of the Internet in both the travel and insurance industries however, the ad option patterns have been quite different. The ability to reduce the transactions cost of interaction between buyers and sellers has always been acknowledged as a central motivation for the use of the web . Predictions of disintermediation and cybermediation are typically based on the reduced transaction costs of electronic interaction between sellers and buyers for example, in book retailing or online stock trading.Trust is another factor that drives or affects the adoption of the Internet-led channel and others examined silence and security as it relates to choosing an Internet channel. The widespread popularity of online stores or online auctions provides some indication that consumers trust the channel sufficiently to provide personal and financial information via a secure part of the channel. Additionally, secure support channels like Paypal have been created to provide secure payment channels for purchases. Technological improvements alone cannot safeguard a companys digital risks.Whether managing the risk of a computer virus, electronic stealing of confidential information or the loss of business interruption due to a computer attack, a Total Risk Management Approach is required which combines best in class technology, risk information and insurance. MOTOR INSURANCE INTRODUCTION induce has become the essence of life in the present day economic and social conditions. Every body wants everything fast enough to enjoy the fruits of any get which has been put in. In this labour man is being replaced by machine in almost all spheres of activity. The latest is Computer trying to replace the human brain.Though it is impossible to achieve the speed of thought, the human efforts will always endeavor to achieve that speed. When we talk of speed, move Vehicle is perhaps or sure enough, a tool used by majority of human beings in every walk of life as aid, either to canalise himself or to head material useful for his existence. As a means of transport, drive vehicle is of immense importance in respect of both the human amenities and the commerce. The modus operandi of vehicles on the road has been on increase and it is quite likely that it may over-flow the capacity of the road and parking places.Many vehicles are required to be kept in the streets at night and thus are exposed to various risks from human elements as well as natural elements. The number of persons holding capricious license is increasing and the employers with all the care they may take in choosing a good driver. Do get reckless driver on their pay roll which fact comes to the knowledge only when a serious accident, sometimes involving loss of life happens, and are thus exposed to risks. MOTOR INSURANCE CONTRACTS Motor Insurance Contracts are payoff to the basic principles relevant to property and liability insurance in general, These principles are- ) Utmost good faith Contracts of Motor Insurance are governed by the doctrine of utmost good faith. The doctrine imp oses a legal obligation on the proposer to disclose material facts to the Insurers. The use of proposal forms is arbitrary and the resolution clause in the form converts the common law duty into a contractual duty of utmost good faith. The effect of this is that the answers given in the proposal become warranties. The answers are required to be literally true and correct. Any wrong answer, irrespective of its materiality, will render the contract violable by Insurers. ) Insurable Interest This is the legal right to insure. The essentials of insurable interest are- i) the existence of property exposed to loss, injure or a potential liability ii) such property or liability must be the subject matter of insurance iii) such property or liability must be the subject matter of the property or creation of liability and must benefit by the preservation of the property or the absence of liability. 3) Indemnity Insurance contract are contracts of indemnity that is to say, the see is place d after a loss, as far as possible, in the same position as he was straight off before the loss.This principle ensures that the Insured does not make a profit out of his loss. 4) Subrogation & Contribution Subrogation is the transfer of rights from the see to the insurer when the loss or damage to the vehicle is caused by negligence of another person. The Insurers exercise these rights to recover the loss from the person responsible. Under common law subrogation operates only after the claim is paid. A Policy condition, however, provides for subrogation before the payment of the claim. Contribution arises when there is double insurance, that is, when the same vehicle is insured under two policies.According to Policy condition the loss is shared pro-rata between the two insurers. The Contribution condition is specially worded in private car policies because the owner is also covered for Third Party liability while driving cars not belonging to him. Proximate Cause The doctrine of p roximate cause applies to Motor insurance as to other classes of insurance. The loss or damage to the vehicle is indemnified only if it is proximately caused by one of the insured perils. The doctrine also applies to Third Party claims.The Third companionship injury or property damage must be proximately caused by the negligence of the insured for which he is held legally liable to pay damages. TYPES OF MOTOR VEHICLES A Motor Vehicle has been defined in the Motor Vehicle Act, 1939 as a mechanically propelled vehicle adopted for use upon road where the power of propulsion is transmitted thereto from an remote or internal source and includes a chassis to which a body has not been attached and a trailer but does not include a vehicle running upon fixed rails. For purpose of insurance, Motor vehicles are classified into 3 broad categories, viz ) Private Cars 2) Motor Cycles and Scooter 3) Commercial Vehicles. PRIVATE CARS These are a) vehicles used solely for social, domestic and ple asure purposes b) Cars of private type including station wagons, used for social, domestic and pleasure purposes and for the business or professional purposes(excluding the carriage of goods other than samples) of the insured or used by the Insureds employees for such purposes, c) Three wheeled cars (including cabin scooter used for private purposes) MOTOR CYCLES a) Motor cycles (with or without sidecars) b) Auto cycles or mechanically assisted pedal cycles. ) Motor Scooters (with or without sidecars) d) A three-wheeler invalid carriage. COMMERCIAL VEHICLES A) Goods carrying vehicles (own goods). These are vehicles used under a Private Carriers permit within the meaning of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1939. The Act defines a Private Carrier as an owner of a transport vehicle other than a public carrier who uses the vehicles solely for the carriage of goods which are his property or the carriage of which is necessary for the purpose of his business not being a business of providing transp ort GOODS CARRYING VEHICLES (General cartage).These are vehicles used under a Public Carrier Permit within the meaning of the M. V. Act. 1939. The Act defines a public carrier as an owner of a transport vehicle who transports or undertakes to transport goods or any class of goods, for another person at any time and in any public place for hire or reward, whether in pursuance of the call of a contract or conformity or otherwise. TRAILERS Any truck, cart carriage or other vehicle without means of self-propulsion including agricultural implements drawn or hauled by any self propelled vehicle. passenger CARRYING VEHICLESI) Buses including tourist buses ii) Hotel/School omnibuses. iii) Air-line buses PASSENGER CARRYING VEHICLES FOR HIRE i) Taxis or Private car type vehicles plying for public hire ii) Private type Taxis let out on private hire direct from the Owner with or without meters and driven by the Owner or an employee of the Owner. iii) Private car type vehicles let out on Pri vate Hire and driven by the Hirer or any driver with his permission. iv) Private car type vehicles owned by Hotels and hired by them to their guests. v)passenger carrying vehicles (Motorized Rickshaws). MISCELLANEOUS AND SPECIAL TYPES OF VEHICLES Category D 1) Agricultural Tractors walker Controlled. 2) Trailer fitted as Cinema Film Recording and publicity vans. 3) Delivery Truck Pedestrian Controlled. 4) Trailers- Duest carts, water carts, etc . 5) Trailers Fire Brigade and Salvage Corps. 6) Plan Loader. 7) Trailers- Mobile Plant. 8) Trailers fitted as Mobile Shop and Canteen. 9) Trailers Tar spraying. 10) Trailers- Clearing and Levelling congeal. 11) Traction Engine Tractors Agriculural and Forestry spraying whole caboodle i) Agricultural sprayer. i) Tar sprayers 12. Trailers towed by Tractors. 13) Lawn Mowers. 14) Cranes- Trailers and Tractors fitted with Lift apparatus. 15) Hearses 16) Ambulances. 17) Breakdown vehicles 18) Cinema film recording and publicity vans. 19) Dis pensaries. 20) Dampers. 21) Dust carts, water carts, road sweepers, etc. 22) Electric Trolleys or Tractors. 23) Fire Brigade and Salvage corps. Vehicles. 24) Footpath rollers. 25) Fork lift Trucks. 26). Mobile shops & Canteen Vehicles. 27) Mobile Surgeries & Dispensaries. 28) Refuse Carts. 29) Road RollersRoad Sprinklers also used as Fire Fighting vehicles. 30) Traction Engine Tractors- Tractors used with one or more Angle Dozers, bulldozers etc. 31) Cranes I) Breakdown vehicles. II) Goods carrying vehicles. 32) Excavators. 33) Levelers 34) Site clearing and leveling plant etc. TYPES OF POLICIES The vehicles mentioned above can be insured under three types of policies- Act only policy This policy provides the minimum cover for legal liability for injuries to third parties or their property damage, as required by the provisions of Chapter VIII of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1939.Third Party Policy This Policy provides the cover as under the Act only policy and in addition provides cover for higher limits for third party property damage. Comprehensive Policy This policy provides cover as under a Third Party Policy and in addition provides cover for loss or or damage to the vehicle. Two other variations of cover are available for certain categories of vehicles( e. g. Private Cars) Fire and/or Theft Risk- These policies cover the risks of fire and or theft while the car is in garage and out of use.Third party and Fire and/or Theft Risks The Third party policy is extended to cover the risks of fire and/ or theft whilst the vehicle is running and or /in garage. EXEMPTED VEHICLES The Provisions relating to compulsory third party insurance do not apply to any vehicle owned by the Central Government or State Government and used for Government purposes unconnected with any commercial enterprise. Exemptions may also be give by the appropriate Government for any vehicle owned by- a) the Central Government or a State Government if the vehicle is used for Government purposes connected with any commercial enterprise. ) any local authority c) any State Transport Undertaking( for example, where such undertaking is carried on by a State Government or any Road Transport Corporation established under the Road Transport Corporation Act, 1950). The above exemption is made only if a fund is established and maintained by that authority for meeting any liability arising out of the use of any vehicle. The fund has to be established in accordance with the Rules framed under the Act. Types of Motor Insurance Covers There are two types of cover granted under Motor Insurance.Policy A provides liability Cover and Policy B provides Comprehensive cover. Third Party Policy has been withdrawn from 1st April 1990. 1) Policy A Act Liability Policy provides an indemnity in respect of legal liability for death or bodily injury to members of public or damage to their property, compulsorily insurable under the provisions of Motor Vehicles Act, 1988. Limits of Liability - Under Section-II- (i) . As per Motor Vehicle Act, 1988 ( The Act provides for unlimited liability in respect of third party death or bodily injury). Under Section-II- (ii) .Rs. 6,000/- in respect of any one claim or series of claims arising out of one event. (This is the limit provided by the Act for third party property damage. The tariff however provides for increased limits up to unlimited liability for T. P. property damage, at additional premium). b) Policy B Comprehensive Policy is wider cover. In addition to covering the insureds legal liabilities to third party, both for bodily injury and damage to property, this policy covers loss or damage to the vehicle- &/or theft of vehicle and/or accessories whilst fitted thereon ) by fire, explosion, self-ignition or lightening b) by burglary, housebreaking or theft c) by riot and strike d) by earthquake (fire and shock damage) e) by flood, typhoon, hurricane, storm, tempest, inundation, cyclone, hailstorm, frost f) by accidental external means g) by terrorist activity h) whilst in transit by road, rail, inland waterway, lift, elevator or air i) by landslide / rockslide The Recital clause of both form of policies states- (i) that the proposal and contract shall be the stand of the contract of insurance and are deemed to be incorporated therein. ii) that the insured has applied to the company for insurance and has paid or agreed to pay the premium as consideration for the insurance afforded by the policy for the period specified. The contract is not to pay the loss to the insured but to indemnify him against his loss. Protection and Removal be If the motor car is disabled by reason of loss or damage covered under the policy, the insurer will bear reasonable cost of protection and removal to the nearest repairers and of redelivery to the insured but not exceeding in all Rs. 1,500/- in respect of any accident.Authorization for Repair The insured may authorize repairs necessitated by damage covered under the policy, p rovided that- (a) the estimated cost of such repairs does not exceed Rs. 500/- (b) the insurer is furnished forthwith a detailed estimate of the cost, and (c) the insured gives the insurer every assistance to see that such repair is necessary and the charge reasonable. Exclusion under own damage Section I FOR PRIVATE CAR B POLICY (a) consequential loss, depreciation, wear and tear, mechanical or electrical breakdown , failures and breakage and b) damage to tyres unless the motor car is damaged at the same time when the liability of the insurer is limited to 50% of the cost of replacement (c) any accidental loss or damage suffered whilst the insured or any person driving with the knowledge and consent of the insured is under the influence of intoxicating liquor or drugs. FOR ONLINE reclamation INTIMATION OF POLICY . ONLINE RENEWAL NOTICE SENT TO CLIENT CLIENT AGENT DETAILS NAME SUB RENEWAL OF POLICY NO____________ grant DETAILS SUM INSURED VEHICLE DETAILS GROSS PREM. S. TAXNET PAY ABLE PREM. HYPOTHECATION ( IF ANY ) AUTHORISED SIGNATORY FIRE INSURANCE GENERAL RULES AND REGULATIONS These rules and regulations are applicable to all segmentations of the tax. POLICY Only timeworn Fire and Special Perils Policy (hereinafter referred to as Policy) with the permitted Add-on covers (as appearing under Section VIII) if any, can be issued. Note Unless otherwise specifically provided for, this tariff is applicable to land-based properties only. The wording of the policy shall be as shown in Section II of the Tariff.Policy (ies) should be read together with proposal forms(s), scheduled specification, endorsements, warranties and clauses as one contract. Policy (ies) covering Buildings and/or contents shall show block wise separate amounts on (i) Building (ii) Machinery and accessories (iii) Stock and Stock-in-Process and (iv) Furniture and other contents. It is permissible to exclude Storm, Tempest, Flood and Inundation group of perils (hereinafter referred to as ST FI) and/or Riot, Strike, Malicious Damage perils (hereinafter referred to as RSMD) at inception of the Policy only by deleting the relevant perils from the Policy.The deletion shall apply for the entire property in one complex/compound/location covering the entire interest of the Insured under one or more policy (ies) without any option for selection. Reduction in premium rates for such deletion(s) may be allowed as shown under the relevant sections of the Tariff. When these perils are deleted from the scope of the policy, the general exclusions shall include these perils. Terrorism cover will be separate cover which can be granted only in conjunction with RSMD. Terrorism will not be given in isolation without RSMD cover. (Circular No. FT/1/2002 dtd 13/03/02)Any risk, which has not been provided for in the Tariff, shall be referred to the Committee for rating. Provisional rate of Rs. 2. 50 per mille shall be charged in such cases for covering the risks under Standard Fire and Specia l Perils Policy. No bank dismisss and/or agency commission shall be allowed on this rate. For add-on covers, additional rates provided in section VIII shall be charged. Rates shown under this tariff are minimum rates. Insures may charge rate higher than those given under the tariff. VALUED POLICY(IES) value Policy (ies) can be issued only for properties whose Market Value cannot be ascertained e. . Curios, Works of Art, Manuscripts, Obsolete machinery and the like subject to the valuation certificate being submitted and found acceptable by the insurers. LONG TERM POLICIES Policies for a period exceeding 12 months shall not be issued except for Dwellings. MID-TERM COVER Generally, it is not permissible to grant mid-term cover for STFI and/or RSMD perils. The following provisions shall apply, where such covers are granted midterm Insurers must receive specific advice from the insured accompanied by payment of the required additional premium in cash or by draft.This additional premi um shall not be adjusted against existing money deposits or debited to Bank guarantee. Mid-term cover shall be granted for the entire property at one complex/compound/location covering the entire interest of the Insured under one or more policy (ies). Insured shall not have any option for selection. Cover shall commence 15 years after the receipt of the premium. NB Endorsement to be issued in this regard The premium rates as under shall be charged on pathetic period scale (as per Rule 8) on full sum insured at one complex/compound/location covering the entire interest of the insured for the balance period i. . up to the expiry of the policy. MID-TERM SECTION III SECTION VI SECTION IV, V AND VII INCLUSION OF Materials in GodownsMaterials in Open STFI 0. 20%o 0. 35%o 2. 00%o 0. 5%o RSMD 0. 15%o 0. 15%o 0. 15%o 0. 15%o PAYMENT OF PREMIUM Premium shall be paid in full and shall not be accepted in instalments or by deferred payments in any form. N. B. - It is no t permissible to split sum insured of the same property under various policies for different periods of insurance to derive advantage of deferred instalments for payment of premium.Notwithstanding the above, different policies may be issued for stocks where circumstances necessitate issuance of such policies. MINIMUM PREMIUM Minimum premium shall be Rs. 100/- per policy except for risks rateable under Section III and Tiny Sector Industries under Section IV where the minimum premium shall be Rs. 50/ per policy. PARTIAL INSURANCE It is not permissible To issue a policy covering only certain portions of a building. Notwithstanding this, the plinth and backsides or only the foundation of a building may be excluded.To issue a policy covering only specified machinery (except Boilers), parts of machine or accessories thereof housed in the same block/building. N. B. Where portions of a building and/or machinery therein are under different ownership it is permissible for each owner to insur e distributively but to the full extent of his interest on the building and/or machinery therein. In such cases, the Insureds interest shall be clearly defined in the policy. RATES FOR SHORT PERIOD INSURANCE Policies for a period of less than 12 months shall be issued at the rates set out hereafter For period not exceeding 15 days 10% of the Annual rate -do- 1 month 15% of the Annual rate -do- 2 months 30% of the Annual rate -do- 3 months 40% of the Annual rate -do- 4 months 50% of the Annual rate -do- 5 months 60% of the Annual rate -do- 6 months 70% of the Annual rate -do- 7 months 75% of the Annual rate -do- 8 months 80% of the Annual rate -do- 9 months 85% of the Annual rate For a period exceeding 9 months The full Annual rate N. B. Extension of short period policy (ies) shall not be permitted. LOADING FOR KUTCHA kink Building(s) having walls and/or roofs of wooden planks/thatched leaves and/or grass/hay of any kind/bamboo/plastic cloth/asphalt cloth/canvas/tarpaul in and the like shall be treated as Kutcha construction for rating. An additional rate of Rs. 4. 00%o shall be charged for such building(s) and/or contents thereof. Note Temporary sheds (attached to buildings) erected during the monsoon solely for the purpose of monsoon protection are permitted without loading provided such sheds are not used for storage purpose. RULES FOR CANCELLATIONS For Cancellation of insurance policy. At the option of the insured- 10. 1. Retention of premium shall be at Short Period Scale for the period the policy has been in force, subject to the retention of minimum premium by the Insurer. 10. 1. 2 During the currency, if a policy is replaced with the same insurer by a new annual one covering the identical property, refund of premium may be allowed on pro-rata pedestal at the original rates for the sum insured replaced. 10. 1. 3 For the sum insured not replaced, refund must be calculated after charging premium at short period scale on such sum for the time the insurance has been in force subject to retention of the minimum premium by the insurer. 10. 1. 4 In case of short period policies, premium shall be retained at the applicable short period scale. N. B. In case a policy is cancelled on account of a Government Order or on completion of a Building in course of construction or where Buildings are demolished, pro-rata refund of premium may be allowed. At the option of the insurer- Refund of premium shall be on pro-rate cornerstone for the unexpired term. MID-TERM REVISION IN SUM INSURED Mid-term revision in sum insured shall be allowed as follows Increase in sum insured On pro-rata basis Decrease in sum insured On short-period scale. ESCALATION CLAUSE It will be in order for Insurers to allow automatic unbroken increase in the unification Insured throughout the period of the policy in return for an additional premium to be paid in advance. The terms and conditions for this extension shall be as follows. The selected percentage in crease shall not exceed 25% of the Sum Insured.The additional premium, payable tin advance, will be at 50% of the full rate, to be charged on the selected percentage increase. The Sum Insured at any point of time would be assessed after use of the Escalation Clause. Escalation Clause will apply to policies covering Building, Machinery and Accessories only and will not apply to policies covering stock. Escalation Clause will apply to all policies and is not restrict to policies issued on reinstatement value basis. Pro-rata condition of Average will continue to apply as usual. The automatic increase operates from the date of inception up to the date of operation of any of the Insured Perils. Note For ndorsement wording, see, Clause F, Annexure A. FLOATER POLICY Floater Policy (ies) can be issued for stocks at various locations under one Sum Insured (The Standard Floater Clause I, Annexure A shall be attached to such policies). Note Unspecified location shall not be allowed. Rating The rate shall be the highest rate applicable to insureds stocks at any location with a loading of 10%. N. B. 1 In case Stocks in a process block are covered under the Floater Policy and the rate for process block is higher than the storage rate, the process rate plus 10% loading shall apply. N. B. 2 Presence of Kutcha construction may be ignored. N. B. If stocks situated within godown/process blocks in the same compound are covered under floater policy, no floater extra is chargeable. DECLARATION POLICIES To take care of frequent fluctuations in stocks/stock values, resolving Policy(ies) can be granted subject to the following conditions (Standard Declaration Clause J, Annexure A shall be attached to such policies, refer page no97) The minimum sum insured shall be Rs 1 Crore in one or more locations and the sum insured shall not be less than Rs. 25 lakhs in at to the lowest degree one of these locations. It is necessary that the declared values should approximate to this figure at sometime during the policy year.Monthly declarations based on a) the average of the values at risk on each day of the month or b) the highest value at risk during the month shall be submitted by the Insured latest by the last day of the succeeding month. If declarations are not received within the specified period, the full sum insured under the policy shall be deemed to have been declared. Reduction in sum insured shall not be allowed under any circumstances. Refund of premium on adjustment based on the declaration/cancellation shall not exceed 50% of the total premium. In case the total sum insured at the risk including 50% of the declared sum insured for declaration policy exceeds Rs. 50crs, the risk will qualify for claim experience discount / loading. (Letter no.Fire/453591 dtd 23/05/01) The basis of value for declaration shall be the Market Value anterior to the loss. It is not permissible to issue declaration policy in respect of Insurance required for a short period. Sto cks undergoing process. Stocks at Railway sidings. If after occurrence of any loss it is found that the amount of last declaration previous to the loss is less than the amount that ought to have been declared, then the amount which would have been recoverable by the insured shall be reduced in such proportion as the amount of said last declaration bears to the amount that ought to have been declared. FLOATER DECLARATION POLICIES 1.Floater Declaration Policy (ies) can be issued subject to a minimum sum insured of Rs 2 Crores and compliance with the Rules for Floater and Declaration Policies respectively except that the minimum retention shall be 80% of the annual premium. 2. Special rates under Floater Declaration policy granted for the stocks of Central Warehousing/ State Warehousing Corporation and Marketing Federation owned by State Govt. (Circular No. FT/4/2001 dtd 09/02/01) a) Standard Fire and Special Perils policy with the deletion of STFI and RSMD perils. 1. 25%o b) Standard Fire and Special Perils policy with the deletion of STFI perils only. 1. 50%o c) Standard Fire and Special Perils policy with the deletion of RSMD perils only. 2. 00%o d) Standard Fire and Special Perils policy. 2. 5%o 3. Coverage in respect of cover under single policy (floater Declaration policy) for stocks belonging to M/s Central warehouses Corporation lying in General Warehouses, container Fright Stations and bonded Warehouses. Under insurance up to 15 should be ignored. However if the same exceeds 15% at any time the actual under- insurance should be taken into account for arriving at loss. The insured declare the values quarterly or half yearly or yearly basis within 90 days of the expiry of such periods subject to the consent of the Insurer. Special rates granted vide circular no. FT/4/2001should be applied. (Circular No. FT/9/2001 dtd 27/03/01) quake rating under Floater policy To compute the base rate by adding the rate for highest quake zone twisting to the highest rate otherwise applicable as per tariff provision before applying 10% loading to the same to arrive at premium rate applicable for floater policies covering Earthquake Peril. (Letter No. Fire / 141004 dtd 30/07/01). CLAIMS EXPERIENCE DISCOUNT/LOADING Risks having sum insured (on buildings and contents of all blocks in one compound of one complex in one location) above Rs. 50 Crores rateable under Sectio IV, V, VI &VII of this tariff shall attract claims experience discounts/loadings based on the incurred claims experience of all the policies covering the Insureds interest for the preceding 36 months excluding the expiring policy period. (If there is any break in insurance, available 36 months experience shall be taken into account) as per the table given below. Incurred claim ratio for the preceding 36 months excluding Discount Loading the expiring policy period (%) (%) * Up to 5% 15 - above 5% & up to 10% 10 - Above 10% & up to 15% 5 - Above 15% & up to 30% - - Above 30% & up to 40% - 2. Above 40% & up to 55% - 5 Above 55% & up to 75% - 10 Above 75% & up to 100% - 15 Above 100% - To be referred to TAC * On renewal of business either by an existing insurer or by a new insurer, a provisional loading of 15% must be charged in all cases where certified details of claims experience by respective insurers are not available. This loading shall be adjusted subsequently on receipt of the exact claims experience. NB No claim experience discount to be allowed for (i) Silent risk (ii) Floater policyFIRE EXTINGUISHING APPLIANCES DISCOUNT The discounts as per the scale given below may be granted by the Insurers to detached or segregated (as per the Committees Building Regulations) blocks of the risks protected by Fire Extinguishing appliances rateable under Section III, IV, V, VI and VII of the Tariff except for Floater and/or Floater Declaration Policy(ies) subject to the following System is erected and tested as per the relevant Regulations of the TAC and a certificate from LPA or TAC accredited passe-partout(s)/ sea captain agency (ies) confirming the efficacy of the system and its full compliance with the Committees rules is submitted by the Insured.Note Professional(s)/Professional Agency (ies) designing and/or induction the system themselves shall get the system certified by third parties. Pending accreditation of Professionals/Professional Agencies by TAC, Chairman IRDA/TAC, has approved that insurance companies can select Professionals /Professional Agencies satisfying the following norms, to certify FEA. Installation For Professionals a. Should be Graduate Engineer with 5 years experience in the Fire Protection field or Diploma Engineer with 10 years related experience. b. Should have handled at least 3 projects for which proposals submitted were approved and full discounts granted for the Fire Protection systems by T AC or Insurance Companies.Information in this connection should be provided to the Insurance Company in the f ollowing format LIST OF PROJECTS HANDLED Sr. No Risk Name Type of Fire Protection Year of execution Quantum of discount Reference of letter(s) provided sanctioned by the Competent advising such discount Authority Note Relevant documents (work order/job order/completion certificate) to be attached for verification by the insurance company. c. Expertise should be indicated in specific areas of Fire Protection (Hydrant/Sprinkler/ pissing spray system etc. ) For Professional Agencies a. Should have one or more professionals with requirements of 3 a), b) and c) above. b. The professional agency should be financially sound. Audited financial statements to be submitted for verification by the insurance company. General (Applicable to both Professionals/Professional Agencies) 1. Selection of professionals/professional agency to be done only at the corporate office of, the insurance company. 2.Professionals/Professional agencies will not certify any installation in, which t hey are involved as suppliers, erectors, contractors or consultants. Insurers may be guided by the above-mentioned instructions. (Circular no. FT/4/2002 dtd 10/05/02) The installation is maintained in an efficient working order at all times and an Annual Maintenance Contract (AMC) with an external agency is in force. Note- Any agency other than the one involved in the installation of the system or a third party having up to date knowledge of maintenance of fire fighting equipment can be approached for AMC. Type of installation Discount (%) (a) Hand Appliance & Trailer Pumps/Fire Engines 2. (b) Hand Appliances & Hydrant System 5 (c) Hand Appliances & independent Sprinkler/Fixed Water Spray System 7. 5 (d) Hand Appliances +Hydrant System & independent Sprinkler/Fixed Water Spray 10 System RATING OF RISKS IN triple OCCUPANCY INDUSTRIAL ESTATE Risks in Multiple Occupancy Industrial Estate shall be rated Per se. If the entire building of the Industrial Estate is insured under o ne sum insured, a rate of Rs. 1. 80%o shall be chargeable to building. 19. SILENT RISKRisks rateable under Sectio IV and V are allowed silent rates as per the following table Factories where no manufacturing/storage activities are carried Retention of the premium shall be based on the out continuously for 30 days or more. appropriate storage rate or silent risk rate of Re. 1. 00%o whichever is higher. The silent rates are not applicable if a risk goes silent following a loss under the policy. Note 1 Risks becoming silent shall not be entitled to any discounts. Note 2 STFI/ RSMD deletion is available for Silent risk. 20. Voluntary DeductiblesOn

Genocide Paper Essay

I person eithery imply escape bump off is wrongly in every way you can designate of. wherefore would any wholeness want to deliberately extinguish a sort out of pot base on race or culturality? There adjudge been some(prenominal) racial extermination to take place around the world, that some(prenominal) are intermit cognize than opposites. Some blown-up number control different theories on why race murder takes place. I approximate that race murder occurs for a couple reasons. The loss leaders of the genocide may feel that the pigeonholing they are eliminating could be a potential terror somehow. An another(prenominal)(a) reason may be to spread fear among real enemies, overly to implement a belief or religious view. I dont re onlyy see how the Jews were a threat to Hitler but by eliminating the Jews Hitler gained a lot of power. I think the leaders know that the separates of mint are not threats I good think the biggest reason is to spread fear rea l enemies that leave contumaciously be a threat some twenty-four hour period. They do it to make a battery-acid and show that they arent afraid to kill. I dont agree with violent death billions to prove that at all. Some genocide occurs because of economic wealth. And what I mean by this is that if atomic number 53 groups sees potential in something but another group is standing(a) in the way of success they may tho feel the need to eliminate the group so they can have economic wealth.I hitherto dont see what brings anyone happiness by killing millions of innocent state just because you want to prove that youre the top earth or something desire that. Genocide is stupid in my judicial decision and I see no point for it whatsoever. The more(prenominal) I actually think about genocide the more I become in shock at the fact that there spate in world who can kill and not think twice about. Id feel disconsolate if I kil take a deerI cant even imagine killing a human. I gra ded that there has not been genocide in the United States which I am very thankful for. I feel very hurtful for the volume who are in foreign countries where genocide may not be frowned upon. Im sure there are some commonwealth in those countries that worry they could live in the US. Whenever I think I have it bad I always just remember about the kids that were in Bosnia and Cambodia and the other places where genocides have occurred. Im glad that the United States has helped countries who have been in genocide.hopefully genocide will end one day and mountain in foreign countries wont have to worry about it at all. I think they should really be strict about genocide in foreign countries and the US should be quick to help the country because usually the leader of the genocide is very mesomorphicand close to of the time the country itself is not strong enough to defend itself so thats where the united states could be a huge help because they are a very powerful country and wou ld most likely defeat anyone. Im just thankful I havent had to endure something like the closing solution or anything close to that because I dont think Id be fitted to. I have no clue how those people did it or how anyone whos been in genocide has done it. I have a tremendous urinate of respect for those people, talk about perseverance. I in addition have respect for the sol snaprs who try to stop the genocide that is occurring at the time and the sad part is most of them end up not surviving, but they are sacrificing their lives for the people and I know the people are grateful or at least they better be, I know I would be super appreciative of what they have done.There are a number of recorded accounts of genocide the Holocaust, Darfur, Rwanda, former Yugoslavia, Bosnia, Cambodia and more more. The thought of systematically eradicating a group of people alone based on their religious belief, their racial background or governmental stance would seem superbly extreme to m ost people, how could genocide continue without notice or without being stop? Time after time throughout history, there is all a lack of a state of wareness about the genocide or the people that have the power to intercede have looked the other way or distinguishable not to get twisting. Whether or not the genocide chasten away affects us, it is a crime against humanity that should not be overlooked. The Armenian genocide, Beginning in 1915, ethnic Armenians existing in the Ottoman Empire were rounded up, deported and put to death on orders of the government. The combination of massacres, obligate expatriation line and stopping points due to disease in tautness camps is estimated to have killed more than 1 million ethnic Armenians, Assyrians and Greeks in the midst of 1915 and 1923.Another famous genocide was the holocaust. After coming to power in 1933, the Nazi ships company implemented a highly create strategy of perse come downion and murder. Their derrieres wer e the alleged(prenominal) undesirables Jews, Slavs, Roma, the disabled, Jehovahs Witnesses, and homosexuals, as advantageously as political and religious dissidents.The Nazis began with stripping citizenship from German Jews on the basis of their religious identity. Shortly thereafter, in November 1938, the organized pogrom of Kristallnacht marked the beginning of mass deportations of German Jews to constriction camps. As the Nazis conquered large areas of Europe, Jews and others in Nazi-controlled areaswere also deported to camps. When the German Army invaded the Soviet pith, it soon gave rise to fluid killing squads operating throughout Eastern Europe and Russia, which killed more than one million Jews and tens of thousands of other cultivatedians. The construction of extermination camps at Auschwitz-Birkanau, Treblinka, Belzec, Chelmno and Sobibor led to the Nazis killing of 2.7 million Jews and others through the use of cyanide bumble, summary executions and medical experi mentation.Poor living conditions in non-extermination camps led to the deaths of millions more. It is estimated that six million Jews, cardinal out of every trey living in Europe, and another 5 million people had been killed by 1945. The genocide of Cambodia was also another one. When the Khmer Rouge took control of the Cambodian government in 1975, they declared the beginning of a new age dedicated to a peasant-oriented society. Instead, after outlawing education, religion, health care and technology, the Khmer Rouge ordered the evacuation of Cambodias cities and forced these residents to stab without adequate food or rest. Those who were unable to keep up were muchtimes summarily executed. At the same time, the Khmer Rouge began to target venture political dissidents. These citizens, including doctors, teachers and those suspected of being educated were singled out for crucify at the ill-famed Tuol Sleng prison. In four years, mingled with 1.7 and 2 million Cambodians die d in the Khmer Rouges killing Fields.The genocide in Bosnia was very large and gory. Beginning in 1991, Yugoslavia began to break up along ethnic lines as political leaders such as Slobodan Milosevic began to use nationalist sentiment as a political tool. While Slovenian independency was relatively bloodless, Croatias declaration ignitored a civil war amid the province and the Yugoslav government. Troops from the mostly Serb Yugoslav army entered Croatian dominion and attached widespread human rights abuses, including the siege of Vukovar and the shelling of Dubrovnik.In 1992, the commonwealth of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Bosnia) also declared independence and the region quickly became the central theater of fighting between Serbs, Croats, and Bosniaks (Bosnian Muslims). During the wars in the former Yugoslavia, all belligerents committed abuses against the civilians. Soldiers and paramilitaries used rape, torture, racy displacement, and summary executions to ethnically cleanse areas under their control. The actions of Serbian units, including the Bosnian Serb army andparamilitaries, were particularly notorious for committing atrocities, including the massacres at Foca, Tuzla, Visegrad, and Srebrenica.At Srebrenica, Bosnian Serb forces under General Radko Mladic overran a U.N. safe-area and executed at least 7,500 Bosniak men and boys who were protective covering with Dutch peacekeeping troops.Due to the nature of the attacks on civilians during the Bosnian and Croatian wars, the United Nations created the international wrong Tribunal for Yugoslavia in 1993. This tribunal is tasked with prosecuting offenders who contributed to the deaths of at least 96,000 people. The genocide in Rwanda started because of the civil war. Civil war stony-broke out in Rwanda in 1990, further exacerbating tensions between the Tutsi minority and Hutu majority. Although a peace agreement was reached in 1992, political negotiations continued. In 1994, as he returned from the latest round of talks in neighboring Tanzania, Rwandan prexy Juvenal Habyarimana was killed when his plane was shot down outside of the countrys capital, Kigali.Habyarimanas death provided the spark for an organized campaign of violence against Tutsi and moderate Hutu civilians across the country. disdain the efforts of United Nations peacekeepers, extremist Hutu groups killed between 800,000 and 1 million people across the country in tho 100 days. In 1994, the United Nations created the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), dedicated to bringing those responsible for the genocide to justice. While slow-moving, the ICTR has determined that the widespread rapes committed during the Rwandan genocide may also be considered an act of torture and genocide on their own. Darfur is another genocide that has occurred. The conflict in Darfur began in the spring of 2003 when two Darfuri rebel movements the Sudan Liberation try (SLM) and Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) la unched attacks against government military installations as part of a campaign to fight against the historic political and economic marginalization of Darfur.The Sudanese government, engaged in deform negotiations with the Sudan Peoples Liberation Movement/Army (SPLM/A) to end a two decade long civil war between North and southward Sudan, responded swiftly and viciously to extinguish the insurgency.Through coordinated military raids with government-armed militia (collectively known as the janjaweed), the Sudanese military specifically targeted ethnic groups from which the rebels generated much of their support, systematically destroyingthe livelihoods of Darfuris by bombing and burning villages, looting economic resources, and murdering, raping and torturing non-combatant civilians.In March 2009, the International Criminal Court (ICC) issued an period warrant for Sudanese chairperson Omar al-Bashir for two counts of war crimes and five counts of crimes against humanity. The fol lowing summer, the ICC added genocide to the charges against al-Bashir. The ICC has also issued arrest warrants for Ali Kushayb and Ahmad Haroun for a unite 92 counts of war crimes and crimes against humanity committed against civilians in Darfur.In March 2012, the ICC added Sudans current Minister of Defense Abdelrahim Mohamed Hussein to the list issuing an arrest warrant for crimes against humanity and war crimes in Darfur.The United Nations-African Union peacekeeping force (UNAMID) in Darfur replaced an underfunded and underequipped African Union peacekeeping mission in Darfur in January 2008. UNAMID to this day remains without the necessary resources to protect the 1.9 million internally displaced persons (IDPs) who live in large camps across Darfur. The government has increasingly obstructed UNAMID and humanitarian organizations by restricting portal, oft leaving the most vulnerable civilians cut off from outside aid.There are also an estimated 263,000 Darfuri refugees living across the Sudanese circumvent in neighboring Chad. Overall, the UN estimates that more than 4.7 million people in Darfur (out of a total population of roughly 7.5 million) are remedy affected by the conflict.Women living in IDP camps risk rape or bedevilment if they leave the camp to access water, collect firewood, or plant crops however, due to the limited access of aid, they often do not have a choice. sexual urge based violence (GBV) has been used as a tool to oppress women throughout the crisis and those who target women do so with impunity. Due to cultural and religious taboos, GBV often goes unreported and perpetrators are rarely held accountable for their crimes. The most famous well-known genocide is the holocaust. The holocaust had a huge effect on the US and more other places. The Holocaust was the systematic, bureaucratic, state-sponsored persecution and murder of approximately six million Jews by the Nazi regime and its collaborators. Holocaust is a word of Greek origin importation sacrifice by fire.The Nazis, who came to power in Germany in January 1933, believed that Germans were racially superior and that the Jews, deemed inferior, were an alien threat to the questionable German racial community. During theera of the Holocaust, German authorities also targeted other groups because of their perceived racial inferiorityRoma (Gypsies), the disabled, and some of the Slavic peoples (Poles, Russians, and others). separate groups were persecuted on political, ideological, and behavioral grounds, among them Communists, Socialists, Jehovahs Witnesses, and homosexuals. In 1933, the Judaic population stood at over nine million. Most European Jews lived in countries that Nazi Germany would suck up or influence during conception struggle ll By 1945, the Germans and their collaborators killed tight two out of every three European Jews as part of the Final Solution, the Nazi policy to murder the Jews of Europe. Although Jews, whom the Nazis de emed a priority danger to Germany, were the primary victims of Nazi racism, other victims included some 200,000 Roma (Gypsies).At least 200,000 mentally or physically disabled patients, mainly Germans, living in institutional settings, were hit in the so-called Euthasium program. As Nazi tyranny spread across Europe, the Germans and their collaborators persecuted and slay millions of other people. Between two and three million Soviet Prisoners of War were murdered or died of starvation, disease, neglect, or maltreatment. The Germans targeted the non-Jewish Polish intelligentsia for killing, and deported millions of Polish and Soviet civilians for forced labor in Germany or in occupied Poland, where these individuals worked and often died under deplorable conditions. From the earliest years of the Nazi regime, German authorities persecuted homosexuals and others whose behavior did not match prescribed social norms. German police officials targeted thousands of political opponents (including Communists, Socialists, and trade unionists) and religious dissidents (such as Jehovahs Witnesses). Many of these individuals died as a turn out of incarceration and maltreatment.In the early years of the Nazi regime, the discipline Socialist government established concentration camps to detain real and imagined political and ideological opponents. progressively in the years earlier the outbreak of war, SS and police officials incarcerated Jews, Roma, and other victims of ethnic and racial hatred in these camps. To concentrate and monitor the Jewish population as well as to facilitate later deportation of the Jews, the Germans and their collaborators created ghettos, overfly camps, and forced-labor camps for Jews during the war years. The German authorities also established numerous forced-labor camps, both in theso-called Greater German Reich and in German-occupied territory, for non-Jews whose labor the Germans sought to exploit. pursual the invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, Einsatzgruppen (mobile killing units) and, later, militarized battalions of Order Police officials, travel behind German lines to carry out mass-murder operations against Jews, Roma, and Soviet state and Communist Party officials. German SS and police units, supported by units of the Wehrmacht and the Waffen SS, murdered more than a million Jewish men, women, and children, and hundreds of thousands of others.Between 1941 and 1944, Nazi German authorities deported millions of Jews from Germany, from occupied territories, and from the countries of many of its Axis allies to ghettos and to killing centers, often called extermination camps, where they were murdered in specially developed gassing facilities. In the final months of the war, SS guards moved camp inmates by train or on forced marches, often called death marches, in an attempt to prevent the Allied liberation of large numbers of prisoners. As Allied forces moved across Europe in a series of offensives a gainst Germany, they began to encounter and liberate concentration camp prisoners, as well as prisoners en route by forced march from one camp to another. The marches continued until May 7, 1945, the day the German armed forces surrendered flatly to the Allies. For the western Allies, World War II officially ended in Europe on the adjacent day, May 8 (V-E Day), while Soviet forces inform their Victory Day on May 9, 1945. In the aftermath of the Holocaust, many of the survivors found shelter in displaced persons (DP) camps administered by the Allied powers.Between 1948 and 1951, almost 700,000 Jews emigrated to Israel, including 136,000 Jewish displaced persons from Europe. Other Jewish DPs emigrated to the United States and other nations. The last DP camp closed in 1957. The crimes committed during the Holocaust devastated most European Jewish communities and eliminated hundreds of Jewish communities in occupied Eastern Europe entirely. I think the holocaust was a implike thing and I feel extremely bad for all the Jews because for no reason at all they were killed and put in camps and basically tortured for a long time. Hitler meritd to die I just wish he had died a lot earlier before 6 million Jews were killed because of him. They did not deserve to die. I wish someone would have shot Hitler right when the holocaust started. The bad part is the Jews didnt even know what washappening. When they were approached the Nazis lied to Jews about where they were going. They told them that the concentration camps were a lot nicer then they really were. They said they would receive food 3 times a day and that there was no mandatory labor, basically making the Jews want to come to the camps. And by the time the Jews recognise they were lying it was too late.Another awful thing the Germans did to trick the Jews was they said that the Jews were going to get a shower when really they were going to die. The showers were really gas chambers. So what they did is they m ade the Jews get completely naked and then they would make them all go in the chamber and in the mean time the Jews were all excited because they were finally going to get to take a shower. The saddest part was that even piddling children were put in the gas chambers. I dont understand how those Germans could sit there and watch kids as young as 8 die slowly. It disgusts me that they would do that. I just wish the US had known about these camps sooner because Im sure many lives could have been saved. I still dont see why it had to be the Jews. Why did it even have to happen? I dont get why genocide has to happen at all, I see absolutely no point to it at all. Basically genocide is a mass murder of people based on race or religion. Why do people feel the need to kill people based on that?There are other ways to deal with them. Killing shouldnt even be a last resort. In my opinion people can do what they want and anyone who thinks a race should be eliminated just because deserves to be executed or be put in prison for the rest of his/her life. It is clear from empirical and historical search that democide, including genocide (however defined), are facets of totalitarian systems, and to a lesser terminus of authoritarian ones. The degree to which people are not democratically free increases the likelihood of some kind of domestic genocide or democide, as in totalitarian Stalins Soviet Union, Hitlers Germany, and Maos Communist China or fascist Chiang Kai-sheks China, Francos Spain, and Admiral Miklos Horthys Hungary or dictator Saddam Husseins Iraq, Idi Amins Uganda, and Mustafa Kemal Ataturks Turkey. Those governments that commit virtually no domestic genocide, or other government domestic murder or extermination campaigns, are the modern democracies that recognize civil liberties and political rights. To predict where genocide is likely to occur, look first at the totalitarian governments, and next at the authoritarian ones.Whatever the political institution s of a government, thepossibility of genocide sharply increases when it is involved in international or domestic wars. The Holocaust is one clear example. There was the mass murder of Jews before 1939, but not as a government policy to murder all Jews wherever they were or came under German control. That policy did not come into existence until Germany was well into World War II. Similarly with the mass murder of Armenians by the Young Turk government. During World War I, the Turks alliance with Germany and the Russian invasion of Eastern Turkey provided the Young Turks with the lighten to purify Turkey of Armenians and Christians once and for all. Similarly with Stalins deportation of ethnic/national minorities, such as Germans, Greeks, Meskhetians, Tartars, Ukrainians, and others during World War II that caused the death of around 750,000 of them. Perhaps a million or more were consequently murdered during the Mexican Revolution from 1910-20. And other examples of genocide being executed during military incursions, civil wars, or the fight for independence are the genocides by Angola, Burma, Chile, both Congos, Colombia, El Salvador, Indonesia, Iran, Iran, Lebanon, Myanmar, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sudan, Syria, Yugoslavia (Serbia and Croatia), and so on for many others.War has always been an excuse, cover, or stimulus for genocide and mass murder. There has been considerable research on why a perpetrator should want to destroy a group or, if not destroy the group as such, murder people because of their group membership. Motives are often complex and intertwined, but one can usually pull out among the mix a major motive. One such motive is to destroy a group that is perceived as a threat to the ruling power. such(prenominal), for example, was the 1970 parliamentary elections in Pakistan that showed the political power of East Pakistan and threatened the control over it by West Pakistan, and the power of the military government. They thus militarily seized East Pak istan and murdered over a million Bengali leaders, intellectuals, professionals, and any Hindus that the military were able to capture.Such was also the case with the strong resistance of the Ukrainian farmer to Stalins program of collectivization in 1931-32 coupled with the threat of Ukrainian nationalism to commie control. So, when what would have been a mild paucity hit the region in 1932, Stalin magnified the famine many fold by seizing food and its sources (livestock, pets, semen grain, shooting birds in the trees, etc.) and boycotting the import of food to Ukraine. Even visitors to Ukraine weresearched and food taken away from them before they entered the Soviet Republic. About 5 million Ukrainians were starved to death.In conclusion, I think genocide has no place in this world whatsoever. I think anyone who is a part of genocide is terrible people. I just feel like there are many other solutions to problems then mass murder. frank people do not deserve to die because of a leaders religious view or any views at all. Do I think its possible that this century could be a century of death? My answer is possibly. I say this because I feel like people only think that because a lot of people have died. How can we really tell if this century is a century of death if we can only compare to past centuries? If we could look into future centuries and see how many people will die then we could figure it out. My prediction is more and more people will die in upcoming centuries only because the population will be so great. But I could easily be wrong. So like I said I hope genocide will come to an end one day or at least be stopped before people are killed. I would hope that someone will be brave enough to stand up to a leader of genocide. My opinion on genocide will never change. Till the day I die I will think genocide has no place in this world or anywhere else. And that all those Jews that were killed and basically anyone who was killed in a genocide deserved to live. The leaders did not.I personally think genocide is wrong in every way you can think of. Why would anyone want to deliberately kill a group of people based on race or ethnicity? There have been much genocide to take place around the world, but some are better known than others. Some people have different theories on why genocide takes place. I think that genocide occurs for a couple reasons. The leaders of the genocide may feel that the group they are eliminating could be a potential threat somehow. Another reason may be to spread fear among real enemies, also to implement a belief or religious view. I dont really see how the Jews were a threat to Hitler but by eliminating the Jews Hitler gained a lot of power. I think the leaders know that the groups of people are not threats I just think the biggest reason is to spread fear real enemies that will defiantly be a threat someday.They do it to make a point and show that they arent afraid to kill. I dont agree with killing millio ns to prove that at all. Some genocide occurs because of economic wealth. And what I mean by this is that if one groups sees potential in something but another group is standing in the way of success they may just feel the need to eliminate the group so they can have economic wealth. I still dont see what brings anyone happiness by killing millions of innocent people just because you want to prove that youre the top country or something like that. Genocide is stupid in my opinion and I see no point for it whatsoever. The more I actually think about genocide the more I become in shock at the fact that there people in world who can kill and not think twice about. Id feel bad if I killed a deerI cant even imagine killing a human. I noticed that there has not been genocide in the United States which I am very thankful for. I feel very bad for the people who are in foreign countries where genocide may not be frowned upon.Im sure there are many people in those countries that wish they cou ld live in the US. Whenever I think I have it bad I always just remember about the kids that were in Bosnia and Cambodia and the other places where genocides have occurred. Im glad that the United States has helped countries who have been in genocide. Hopefully genocide will end one day and people in foreign countries wont have to worry about it at all. I think they should really be strict about genocide in foreign countries and the US should be quick to help the country because usually the leader of the genocide is very powerfuland most of the time the country itself is not strong enough to defend itself so thats where the united states could be a huge help because they are a very powerful country and would most likely defeat anyone. Im just thankful I havent had to endure something like the holocaust or anything close to that because I dont think Id be able to. I have no clue how those people did it or how anyone whos been in genocide has done it. I have a tremendous amount of res pect for those people, talk about perseverance.I also have respect for the soldiers who try to stop the genocide that is occurring at the time and the sad part is most of them end up not surviving, but they are sacrificing their lives for the people and I know the people are appreciative or at least they better be, I know I would be super appreciative of what they have done. There are a number of recorded accounts of genocide the Holocaust, Darfur, Rwanda, former Yugoslavia, Bosnia, Cambodia and many more. The thought of systematically eradicating a group of people solely based on their religious belief, their racial background or political stance would seem superbly extreme to most people, how could genocide continue without notice or without being stopped? Time after time throughout history, there is either a lack of awareness about the genocide or the people that have the power to intercede have looked the other way or decided not to get involved. Whether or not the genocide dire ctly affects us, it is a crime against humanity that should not be overlooked. The Armenian genocide, Beginning in 1915, ethnic Armenians living in the Ottoman Empire were rounded up, deported and executed on orders of the government. The combination of massacres, forced deportation marches and deaths due to disease in concentration camps is estimated to have killed more than 1 million ethnic Armenians, Assyrians and Greeks between 1915 and 1923.Another famous genocide was the holocaust. After coming to power in 1933, the Nazi Party implemented a highly organized strategy of persecution and murder. Their targets were the so-called undesirables Jews, Slavs, Roma, the disabled, Jehovahs Witnesses, and homosexuals, as well as political and religious dissidents.The Nazis began with stripping citizenship from German Jews on the basis of their religious identity. Shortly thereafter, in November 1938, the organized pogrom of Kristallnacht marked the beginning of mass deportations of German Jews to concentration camps. As the Nazis conquered large areas of Europe, Jews and others in Nazi-controlled areaswere also deported to camps. When the German Army invaded the Soviet Union, it soon gave rise to mobile killing squads operating throughout Eastern Europe and Russia, which killed more than one million Jews and tens of thousands of other civilians. The construction of extermination camps at Auschwitz-Birkanau, Treblinka, Belzec, Chelmno and Sobibor led to the Nazis killing of 2.7 million Jews and others through the use of cyanide gas, summary executions and medical experimentation.Poor living conditions in non-extermination camps led to the deaths of millions more. It is estimated that six million Jews, two out of every three living in Europe, and another 5 million people had been killed by 1945. The genocide of Cambodia was also another one. When the Khmer Rouge took control of the Cambodian government in 1975, they declared the beginning of a new age dedicated to a p easant-oriented society. Instead, after outlawing education, religion, healthcare and technology, the Khmer Rouge ordered the evacuation of Cambodias cities and forced these residents to labor without adequate food or rest. Those who were unable to keep up were often summarily executed. At the same time, the Khmer Rouge began to target suspected political dissidents. These citizens, including doctors, teachers and those suspected of being educated were singled out for torture at the notorious Tuol Sleng prison. In four years, between 1.7 and 2 million Cambodians died in the Khmer Rouges Killing Fields. The genocide in Bosnia was very large and gory.Beginning in 1991, Yugoslavia began to break up along ethnic lines as political leaders such as Slobodan Milosevic began to use nationalist sentiment as a political tool. While Slovenian independence was relatively bloodless, Croatias declaration sparked a civil war between the province and the Yugoslav government. Troops from the mostly Serb Yugoslav army entered Croatian territory and committed widespread human rights abuses, including the siege of Vukovar and the shelling of Dubrovnik.In 1992, the republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Bosnia) also declared independence and the region quickly became the central theater of fighting between Serbs, Croats, and Bosniaks (Bosnian Muslims). During the wars in the former Yugoslavia, all belligerents committed abuses against the civilians. Soldiers and paramilitaries used rape, torture, forcible displacement, and summary executions to ethnically cleanse areas under their control. The actions of Serbian units, including the Bosnian Serb army andparamilitaries, were particularly notorious for committing atrocities, including the massacres at Foca, Tuzla, Visegrad, and Srebrenica.At Srebrenica, Bosnian Serb forces under General Radko Mladic overran a U.N. safe-area and executed at least 7,500 Bosniak men and boys who were sheltering with Dutch peacekeeping troops.Due to the na ture of the attacks on civilians during the Bosnian and Croatian wars, the United Nations created the International Criminal Tribunal for Yugoslavia in 1993. This tribunal is tasked with prosecuting offenders who contributed to the deaths of at least 96,000 people. The genocide in Rwanda started because of the civil war. Civil war broke out in Rwanda in 1990, further exacerbating tensions between the Tutsi minority and Hutu majority. Although a peace agreement was reached in 1992, political negotiations continued. In 1994, as he returned from the latest round of talks in neighboring Tanzania, Rwandan President Juvenal Habyarimana was killed when his plane was shot down outside of the countrys capital, Kigali. Habyarimanas death provided the spark for an organized campaign of violence against Tutsi and moderate Hutu civilians across the country.Despite the efforts of United Nations peacekeepers, extremist Hutu groups killed between 800,000 and 1 million people across the country in o nly 100 days. In 1994, the United Nations created the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), dedicated to bringing those responsible for the genocide to justice. While slow-moving, the ICTR has determined that the widespread rapes committed during the Rwandan genocide may also be considered an act of torture and genocide on their own. Darfur is another genocide that has occurred. The conflict in Darfur began in the spring of 2003 when two Darfuri rebel movements the Sudan Liberation Movement (SLM) and Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) launched attacks against government military installations as part of a campaign to fight against the historic political and economic marginalization of Darfur.The Sudanese government, engaged in tense negotiations with the Sudan Peoples Liberation Movement/Army (SPLM/A) to end a two decade long civil war between North and South Sudan, responded swiftly and viciously to extinguish the insurgency.Through coordinated military raids with g overnment-armed militia (collectively known as the janjaweed), the Sudanese military specifically targeted ethnic groups from which the rebels received much of their support, systematically destroyingthe livelihoods of Darfuris by bombing and burning villages, looting economic resources, and murdering, raping and torturing non-combatant civilians.In March 2009, the International Criminal Court (ICC) issued an arrest warrant for Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir for two counts of war crimes and five counts of crimes against humanity. The following summer, the ICC added genocide to the charges against al-Bashir. The ICC has also issued arrest warrants for Ali Kushayb and Ahmad Haroun for a combined 92 counts of war crimes and crimes against humanity committed against civilians in Darfur.In March 2012, the ICC added Sudans current Minister of Defense Abdelrahim Mohamed Hussein to the list issuing an arrest warrant for crimes against humanity and war crimes in Darfur.The United Nations- African Union peacekeeping force (UNAMID) in Darfur replaced an underfunded and underequipped African Union peacekeeping mission in Darfur in January 2008. UNAMID to this day remains without the necessary resources to protect the 1.9 million internally displaced persons (IDPs) who live in large camps across Darfur. The government has increasingly obstructed UNAMID and humanitarian organizations by restricting access, often leaving the most vulnerable civilians cut off from outside aid. There are also an estimated 263,000 Darfuri refugees living across the Sudanese border in neighboring Chad. Overall, the UN estimates that more than 4.7 million people in Darfur (out of a total population of roughly 7.5 million) are still affected by the conflict.Women living in IDP camps risk rape or harassment if they leave the camp to access water, collect firewood, or plant crops however, due to the limited access of aid, they often do not have a choice. Gender based violence (GBV) has been used a s a tool to oppress women throughout the crisis and those who target women do so with impunity.Due to cultural and religious taboos, GBV often goes unreported and perpetrators are rarely held accountable for their crimes. The most famous well-known genocide is the holocaust. The holocaust had a huge effect on the US and many other places. The Holocaust was the systematic, bureaucratic, state-sponsored persecution and murder of approximately six million Jews by the Nazi regime and its collaborators. Holocaust is a word of Greek origin meaning sacrifice by fire. The Nazis, who came to power in Germany in January 1933, believed that Germans were racially superior and that the Jews, deemed inferior, were an alien threat to the so-called German racial community. During theera of the Holocaust, German authorities also targeted other groups because of their perceived racial inferiorityRoma (Gypsies), the disabled, and some of the Slavic peoples (Poles, Russians, and others). Other groups w ere persecuted on political, ideological, and behavioral grounds, among them Communists, Socialists, Jehovahs Witnesses, and homosexuals. In 1933, the Jewish population stood at over nine million. Most European Jews lived in countries that Nazi Germany would occupy or influence during World War ll By 1945, the Germans and their collaborators killed nearly two out of every three European Jews as part of the Final Solution, the Nazi policy to murder the Jews of Europe.Although Jews, whom the Nazis deemed a priority danger to Germany, were the primary victims of Nazi racism, other victims included some 200,000 Roma (Gypsies). At least 200,000 mentally or physically disabled patients, mainly Germans, living in institutional settings, were murdered in the so-called Euthasium program. As Nazi tyranny spread across Europe, the Germans and their collaborators persecuted and murdered millions of other people. Between two and three million Soviet Prisoners of War were murdered or died of star vation, disease, neglect, or maltreatment. The Germans targeted the non-Jewish Polish intelligentsia for killing, and deported millions of Polish and Soviet civilians for forced labor in Germany or in occupied Poland, where these individuals worked and often died under deplorable conditions. From the earliest years of the Nazi regime, German authorities persecuted homosexuals and others whose behavior did not match prescribed social norms.German police officials targeted thousands of political opponents (including Communists, Socialists, and trade unionists) and religious dissidents (such as Jehovahs Witnesses). Many of these individuals died as a result of incarceration and maltreatment. In the early years of the Nazi regime, the National Socialist government established concentration camps to detain real and imagined political and ideological opponents. Increasingly in the years before the outbreak of war, SS and police officials incarcerated Jews, Roma, and other victims of ethni c and racial hatred in these camps. To concentrate and monitor the Jewish population as well as to facilitate later deportation of the Jews, the Germans and their collaborators created ghettos, transit camps, and forced-labor camps for Jews during the war years. The German authorities also established numerous forced-labor camps, both in theso-called Greater German Reich and in German-occupied territory, for non-Jews whose labor the Germans sought to exploit. Following the invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, Einsatzgruppen (mobile killing units) and, later, militarized battalions of Order Police officials, moved behind German lines to carry out mass-murder operations against Jews, Roma, and Soviet state and Communist Party officials.German SS and police units, supported by units of the Wehrmacht and the Waffen SS, murdered more than a million Jewish men, women, and children, and hundreds of thousands of others. Between 1941 and 1944, Nazi German authorities deported millions of Jews from Germany, from occupied territories, and from the countries of many of its Axis allies to ghettos and to killing centers, often called extermination camps, where they were murdered in specially developed gassing facilities. In the final months of the war, SS guards moved camp inmates by train or on forced marches, often called death marches, in an attempt to prevent the Allied liberation of large numbers of prisoners. As Allied forces moved across Europe in a series of offensives against Germany, they began to encounter and liberate concentration camp prisoners, as well as prisoners en route by forced march from one camp to another. The marches continued until May 7, 1945, the day the German armed forces surrendered unconditionally to the Allies. For the western Allies, World War II officially ended in Europe on the next day, May 8 (V-E Day), while Soviet forces announced their Victory Day on May 9, 1945.In the aftermath of the Holocaust, many of the survivors found shel ter in displaced persons (DP) camps administered by the Allied powers. Between 1948 and 1951, almost 700,000 Jews emigrated to Israel, including 136,000 Jewish displaced persons from Europe. Other Jewish DPs emigrated to the United States and other nations. The last DP camp closed in 1957. The crimes committed during the Holocaust devastated most European Jewish communities and eliminated hundreds of Jewish communities in occupied Eastern Europe entirely. I think the holocaust was a terrible thing and I feel extremely bad for all the Jews because for no reason at all they were killed and put in camps and basically tortured for a long time. Hitler deserved to die I just wish he had died a lot earlier before 6 million Jews were killed because of him. They did not deserve to die. I wish someone would have shot Hitler right when the holocaust started. The bad part is the Jews didnt even know what washappening. When they were approached the Nazis lied to Jews about where they were going. They told them that the concentration camps were a lot nicer then they really were. They said they would receive food 3 times a day and that there was no mandatory labor, basically making the Jews want to come to the camps. And by the time the Jews realized they were lying it was too late. Another awful thing the Germans did to trick the Jews was they said that the Jews were going to get a shower when really they were going to die. The showers were really gas chambers. So what they did is they made the Jews get completely naked and then they would make them all go in the chamber and in the mean time the Jews were all excited because they were finally going to get to take a shower. The saddest part was that even tiny children were put in the gas chambers. I dont understand how those Germans could sit there and watch kids as young as 8 die slowly. It disgusts me that they would do that. I just wish the US had known about these camps sooner because Im sure many lives could have been sa ved. I still dont see why it had to be the Jews. Why did it even have to happen? I dont get why genocide has to happen at all, I see absolutely no point to it at all. Basically genocide is a mass murder of people based on race or religion. Why do people feel the need to kill people based on that? There are other ways to deal with them.Killing shouldnt even be a last resort. In my opinion people can do what they want and anyone who thinks a race should be eliminated just because deserves to be executed or be put in prison for the rest of his/her life. It is clear from empirical and historical research that democide, including genocide (however defined), are facets of totalitarian systems, and to a lesser extent of authoritarian ones. The degree to which people are not democratically free increases the likelihood of some kind of domestic genocide or democide, as in totalitarian Stalins Soviet Union, Hitlers Germany, and Maos Communist China or fascist Chiang Kai-sheks China, Francos S pain, and Admiral Miklos Horthys Hungary or dictator Saddam Husseins Iraq, Idi Amins Uganda, and Mustafa Kemal Ataturks Turkey. Those governments that commit virtually no domestic genocide, or other government domestic murder or extermination campaigns, are the modern democracies that recognize civil liberties and political rights. To predict where genocide is likely to occur, look first at the totalitarian governments, and next at the authoritarian ones. Whatever the political institutions of a government, thepossibility of genocide sharply increases when it is involved in international or domestic wars. The Holocaust is one clear example.There was the mass murder of Jews before 1939, but not as a government policy to murder all Jews wherever they were or came under German control. That policy did not come into existence until Germany was well into World War II. Similarly with the mass murder of Armenians by the Young Turk government. During World War I, the Turks alliance with Ger many and the Russian invasion of Eastern Turkey provided the Young Turks with the excuse to purify Turkey of Armenians and Christians once and for all. Similarly with Stalins deportation of ethnic/national minorities, such as Germans, Greeks, Meskhetians, Tartars, Ukrainians, and others during World War II that caused the death of around 750,000 of them. Perhaps a million or more were thus murdered during the Mexican Revolution from 1910-20. And other examples of genocide being executed during military incursions, civil wars, or the fight for independence are the genocides by Angola, Burma, Chile, both Congos, Colombia, El Salvador, Indonesia, Iran, Iran, Lebanon, Myanmar, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sudan, Syria, Yugoslavia (Serbia and Croatia), and so on for many others.War has always been an excuse, cover, or stimulus for genocide and mass murder. There has been considerable research on why a perpetrator should want to destroy a group or, if not destroy the group as such, murder people beca use of their group membership. Motives are often complex and intertwined, but one can usually pull out among the mix a major motive. One such motive is to destroy a group that is perceived as a threat to the ruling power. Such, for example, was the 1970 parliamentary elections in Pakistan that showed the political power of East Pakistan and threatened the control over it by West Pakistan, and the power of the military government.They thus militarily seized East Pakistan and murdered over a million Bengali leaders, intellectuals, professionals, and any Hindus that the military were able to capture. Such was also the case with the strong resistance of the Ukrainian farmer to Stalins program of collectivization in 1931-32 coupled with the threat of Ukrainian nationalism to communist control. So, when what would have been a mild famine hit the region in 1932, Stalin magnified the famine many fold by seizing food and its sources (livestock, pets, seed grain, shooting birds in the trees, etc.) and boycotting the import of food to Ukraine. Even visitors to Ukraine weresearched and food taken away from them before they entered the Soviet Republic. About 5 million Ukrainians were starved to death.In conclusion, I think genocide has no place in this world whatsoever. I think anyone who is a part of genocide is terrible people. I just feel like there are many other solutions to problems then mass murder. Innocent people do not deserve to die because of a leaders religious view or any views at all. Do I think its possible that this century could be a century of death? My answer is possibly. I say this because I feel like people only think that because a lot of people have died. How can we really tell if this century is a century of death if we can only compare to past centuries? If we could look into future centuries and see how many people will die then we could figure it out. My prediction is more and more people will die in upcoming centuries only because the populatio n will be so great. But I could easily be wrong. So like I said I hope genocide will come to an end one day or at least be stopped before people are killed. I would hope that someone will be brave enough to stand up to a leader of genocide. My opinion on genocide will never change. Till the day I die I will think genocide has no place in this world or anywhere else. And that all those Jews that were killed and basically anyone who was killed in a genocide deserved to live. The leaders did not.